闽南-台湾浅滩上升流区浮游介形虫的生态研究

1987年12月—1988年11月对闽南-台湾浅滩上升流区调查结果表明,该海区的介形虫基本属暖水性种类,其中以终生营浮游生活的种类占优势(74.5％),后圆真浮萤Euconchoeciamaimai和针刺真浮萤Euconchoecia aculeata为优势种。外海种和近岸种一般都分别在台湾浅滩南部和福建沿岸水城形成密集区,并向相反方向扩散。夏季(6月)的垂直分布表明,近岸密集区的介形虫载浮于涌升水的上层,远岸的种类和数量分布与次表层水爬坡涌升现象颇为一致。秩季(11月)的垂直分布则反映出沿岸偏低温、低盐水向外扩展的趋势。宽假浮萤Pseudoconchoecia concentrica和短形小浮萤Microconchoecia curta等的出现,对夏季近岸上升流的存在有一定的佐证作用。     

闽南－台湾浅滩渔场N／P比值的空间分布

１９８７年１２月—１９８８年１１月对闽南－台湾浅滩渔场上升流生态系进行了调查研究。研究结果表明，本研究海区的海水Ｎ／Ｐ比值的空间分布与水团的分布具有密切的关系。各水团的Ｎ／Ｐ比值不遵守Ｒｅｄｆｉｅｌｄ常数１５：１，并且在水团间存在一定的差别。在研究水团的分布及划分中，Ｎ／Ｐ比值可作一较好的参考值。闽浙沿岸水、次表层水和中深层水的Ｎ／Ｐ比值大于１５；海峡南部混合水、海峡暖水、夏季近岸涌升水和浅滩南部涌升水的Ｎ／Ｐ比值小于１５。前者主要是入海径流及有机体的充分分解所致，后者则为浮游植物对ＮＯ３－Ｎ和ＰＯ４－Ｐ的大量吸收及ＮＯ３－Ｎ和ＰＯ４－Ｐ再生速率上差异的结果。本文还讨论了水团的分布对营养盐和叶绿素分布的影响。     

闽南—台湾浅滩渔场冬季温,盐度铅直向结构的初步探讨

根据1987年12月,青岛海洋大学东方红调查船所获得CTD资料,对闽南—台湾浅滩海区冬季温、盐度铅直向结构作初步分析研究后,大致可分为四种类型:第一种类型是沿岸型;第二种类型是台湾浅滩上升流型;第三种类型是在台湾浅滩南部盐脉动温跃层型;第四种类型是深海温盐细微结构型,也可细分为深海(1)型和深海(2)型。     

极化雷达目标信息分解技术及其在古湖岸线探测中的应用

目标信息分解就是将地物雷达电磁波回波的复杂散射过程分解为几种单一的散射过程,每种散射过程都有一个对应的散射矩阵,利用基于地物相关矩阵特征向量分解的目标分解方法,可以将目标相关矩阵分解为三种单散射体相关矩阵的加权和:单向散射,双向散射,交叉散射。将目标分解理论应用于极化成像雷达数据,可以分别得到对应于地物单向散射(奇次散射)、双向散射(偶次散射)及多向散射机制的雷达后向散射系数。本研究应用目标矩阵分解技术对青藏高原西昆仑阿克赛钦湖地区SIR-CL波段和C波段全极化多视复矩阵(MLC)数据进行处理,得到研究区地表单向散射、双向散射及多向散射后向散射系数图像。研究发现,不同性质地表具有不同电磁波散射机制,散射分解后的图像能有效去除噪声,而且能够区分具有不同散射机制的地表,对研究区多期次古湖岸线的识别有重要意义。     

Characterization by electrical and electromagnetic geophysical methods of the shallow hydrogeological system at Hebron (West Bank,Palestine) in a semi-arid zone

Multi-electrode geo-electrical and transient electromagnetic surveys were carried out to characterize the nature of the subsurface infiltration zones (5 to 20 m) related to a series of groundwater outlets, and to reveal the geometry of the different aquifers at Bani-Naim, in the south-eastern foothills of the Hebron area, West Bank, Palestine. The purpose of the surveys was to understand the link between water storage/transfer and the characteristics of the geological formations. The strata in this semi-arid region are composed of alternate layers of chalky limestone, hard limestone, marl and chalk. A total of 30 ERT and 15 TDEM were conducted at Bani Naim-Jahir and Bani Naim-Birein. A correlation between the results indicates various infiltration pathways: fractures, feature heterogeneities, and porous chalk. The local heterogeneity on the eastern side were the major pathways for the water infiltration, whereas the thick marl layer underneath acts as a natural impermeable barrier preventing water from infiltrating deeper. A combination of the different geophysical results identified conductive features that correspond to the infiltration zones supplying the dug wells with water. Furthermore, it was established that the fractured chalk and porous chalky limestone act as an aquifer. A three-dimensional visualization of the resistivity allowed a useful reconstruction of the shallow hydrogeological system. Consequently, these studies contribute to regional sustainable development projects in this semi-arid region.     

Tectono-thermal evolution of the Reed Bank Basin,Southern South China Sea

The Reed Bank Basin in the southern margin of the South China Sea is considered to be a Cenozoic rifted basin. Tectono-thermal history is widely thought to be important to understand tectonics as well as oil and gas potential of basin. In order to investigate the Cenozoic tectono-thermal history of the Reed Bank Basin, we carried out thermal modeling on one drill well and 22 pseudo-wells using the multi-stage finite stretching model. Two stages of rifting during the time periods of ∼65.5–40.4 Ma and ∼40.4–28.4 Ma can be recognized from the tectonic subsidence rates, and there are two phases of heating corresponding to the rifting. The reconstructed average basal paleo-heat flow values at the end of the rifting events are ∼60 and ∼66.3 mW/m², respectively. Following the heating periods, this basin has undergone a persistent thermal attenuation phase since ∼28.4 Ma and the basal heat flow cooled down to ∼57.8–63.5 mW/m² at present. In combination with the radiogenic heat production of the sedimentary sequences, the surface heat flow of the Reed Bank Basin ranges from ∼60.4 to ∼69.9 mW/m².     

Determination of particulate organic carbon (POC) in seawater: The relative methodological importance of artificial gains and losses in two glass-fiber-filter-based techniques

Particulate matter in aquatic systems is an important vehicle for the transport of particulate organic carbon (POC). Its accurate measurement is of central importance for the understanding of marine carbon cycling. Previous work has shown that GF/F-filter-based bottle-sample-derived concentration estimates of POC are generally close to or higher than large-volume in-situ-pump-derived values (and in some rare cases in subzero waters are up to two orders of magnitude higher). To further investigate this phenomenon, water samples from the surface and mid-water Northeast Atlantic and the Baltic Sea were analyzed. Our data support a bias of POC concentration estimates caused by adsorption of nitrogen-rich dissolved organic material onto GF/F filters. For surface-ocean samples the mass per unit area of exposed filter and composition of adsorbed material depended on the filtered volume. Amounts of adsorbed OC were enhanced in the surface ocean (typically 0.5 μmol cm^− 2 of exposed filter) as compared to the deep ocean (typically 0.2 μmol cm^− 2 of exposed filter). These dependencies should be taken into account for future POC methodologies. Bottle/pump differences of samples that were not corrected for adsorption were higher in the deep ocean than in the surface ocean. This discrepancy increased in summer. It is shown that POC concentration estimates that were not corrected for adsorption depend not only on the filtered volume, true POC concentration and mass of adsorbed OC, but also on the filter area. However, in all cases we studied, correction for adsorption was important, but not sufficient, to explain bottle/pump differences. Artificial formation of filterable particles and/or processes leading to filterable material being lost from and/or missed by sample-processing procedures must be considered. It can be deduced that the maximum amounts of POC and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) that can be artificially formed per liter of filtered ocean water are  3–4 μM OC (5–10% of dissolved OC) and  0.2–0.5 μM ON (2–10% of dissolved ON), respectively. The relative sensitivities of bottle and pump procedures, and of surface- and deep-ocean material, to artificial particle formation and the missing/losing of material are evaluated. As present procedures do not exist to correct for all possible biasing effects due to artificial particle formation and/or miss/loss of filterable material, uncertainties of filtration-based estimates of POC concentrations need further testing. The challenge now is to further constrain the magnitude of the biasing effects that add to the adsorption effect to reduce the uncertainties of estimates of POC concentrations, inventories and fluxes in the ocean.     

Asian Development Bank's support for clean energy

The Asian Development Bank's (ADB) support for the development of the clean energy sector in Asia and the Pacific is examined, together with its implications for mitigating climate change. A key question is whether financing has shifted from fossil fuel projects to renewable energy and energy efficiency in the past decade (2000–2009). Financial data from the ADB – a multilateral source of significant financing in the region – are assessed, and 127 technology-deploying projects and 199 technical assistance projects are evaluated. The assessment suggests that clean energy assistance has gained momentum during the last few years, peaking in 2008, implying a considerable shift in energy investments from conventional fossil-fuel projects to clean energy. Although private sector involvement has been central to the ADB's investment policy, only 30% of funding has been channelled into this sector over the past decade. The reporting of clean energy investments has also progressed within the ADB by including renewable and energy efficiency components in conventional energy projects and other investments, which was not previously accounted for. Nevertheless, the ADB needs to address several challenges in the future, including sustaining funding for clean energy, strengthening private sector investments and improving financial reporting.