Correlation between geology and radon levels in groundwater, soil and indoor air in Bhilangana Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India

 Radon concentrations were measured in soil, air and groundwater in Bhilangana Valley, Garhwal Himalaya, India by using an LR-115 plastic track detector and radon emanometer. Radon concentrations were found to vary from 1 KBq/m³ to 57 KBq/m³ in soil , 5 Bq/l to 887 Bq/l in water and 95 Bq/m³ to 208 Bq/m³ in air. The recorded values are quite high due to associated uranium mineralization in the area. Radon concentration was also found to depend on the tectonic structure and geology of the area. Received: 22 July 1996 · Accepted: 8 January 1997     

关于岩土工程类比法的研究

为了提高岩土工程类比法的应用水平, 有必要对工程类比法的理论依据、应用条件、可比性和可比度进行深入研究。本文还提出了可比度的概念和以影响因素分析为基础的可比度确定方法。在若干边坡工程的实际应用说明该方法可行。     

菲尔德斯半岛潮间带生态系统中的食物网

菲尔德斯半岛潮间带食物链是较简单的 ,一般说来在不利环境条件下的生物群落只有很少的消费者和较少的营养级。食物链中主要的生产者是大型底栖藻类 ,主要消费者是腹足类和石鳖 ,棘皮动物中的海胆与海星 ,甲壳动物 ,鱼和海鸟 ,海鸟和鱼占营养级的上层 ,草食软体动物位于中间营养级 ,大量的固着藻类 -叶状藻类、皮壳状藻类构成营养级的底层。观测实验表明 :(1 )海鸟和鱼类减少了草食性软体动物和肉食性螺类的数量 ;(2 )肉食性腹足类减少了草食性软体动物和固着无脊椎动物的数量 ;(3 )草食性软体动物减少了叶状藻类的数量并影响到皮壳状藻类的数量 ,在不清除消费者的实验中 ,皮壳状藻类显示出与其它固着生物竞争空间的优势。作者观察了并在本文中描述了异性底质与消费者对固着生物多样性的影响。壳状藻类在低潮带岩石表面占优势 ,其它的固着生物 (叶状藻类与固着无脊椎动物 )占据洞穴和狭缝。同质岩石表面固着生物的种类与数量低于异质性的岩石表面。清除岩石表面的消费者后叶状藻类与其它固着无脊椎动物的种数就超过皮壳状藻类     

An extreme value analysis of the flow of Burbage Brook

An extreme value analysis of the flow of Burbage Brook is carried out by modelling peaks over a high threshold. The aims are to illustrate recently developed statistical techniques and to report on interesting features of the flow of the brook over a 58-year period. Peak flows are found to show marked seasonal variation and a downward trend. Then-year return level is estimated for various values ofn, and the reliability of the estimates is assessed.     

12 600 years of lake level changes, changing sills, ephemeral lakes and Niagara Gorge erosion in the Niagara Peninsula and Eastern Lake Erie basin

Over the last 12600 years, lake levels in the eastern Lake Erie basin have fluctuated dramatically, causing major changes in drainage patterns, flooding and draining ephemeral Lake Wainfleet several times and widening and narrowing the Niagara Gorge as the erosive effects of Niagara Falls waxed and waned. The control sill for Lake Erie levels was at first the Fort Erie/Buffalo sill, before the Lyell/Johnson sill in Niagara Falls took over due to isostatic rebound. This sill, in time, was eventually eroded by the recession of Niagara Falls and the Fort Erie/Buffalo sill regained control. The environmental picture is complicated by catastrophic outbursts from glacial Lake Agassiz and Lake Barlow-Ojibway, changes in outlet routes, isostatic rebound and climatic changes over the Great Lakes basins. Today, the flow of water into Lake Erie from the streams and rivers surrounding it only accounts for about 13% of the flow out of it, therefore, the importance of flow from the Upper Great Lakes, specifically the flow from Lake Huron, has a great effect on Lake Erie levels. While the changing control sills, Lyell/Johnson and Buffalo/Fort Erie would affect Lake Erie levels, overall they are mostly input driven by the amount of waters received from the Upper Great Lakes. Since Lake Erie's water level changes are so closely tied to Lake Huron's water level changes we have decided to use names assigned to Lake Huron such as the two Mattawa highstands and three Stanley lowstands rather than inflict a whole new set of names on the public. While the duration of each high and lowstand in Erie and Huron may not always be the same, they always happen within the same time frame. The datum elevations used for Lake Huron (175.8 m) and Lake Erie (173.3 m) are historically recorded averages. The Lake Erie levels proposed in this paper reflect Lake Hurons effects on Lake Erie and the levels occuring at the eastern end of the Erie Basin throughout the last 12600 years. All dates in this paper are uncorrected ¹⁴ C dates unless the date was obtained from shells, then the date has been corrected for hard-water effects. Also, all heights are given as modern day elevations and are not adjusted for isostatic rebound.     

Separation of a geochemical anomaly from background by fractal and U-statistic methods,a case study: Khooni district,Central Iran

Separation of geochemical anomalies from background are one of the important steps in mineral exploration. The Khooni mineral district (Central Iran) has complex geochemical surface expression due to a complex geological background. This region was chosen as a study area for recognition of the spatial distribution of geochemical elements and separating anomalies from background using stream sediment geochemical data. In the past decades, geochemical anomalies have been identified by means of various methods. Some of these separation methods include: statistical analysis methods, spatial statistical methods and fractal and multi-fractal methods. In this article, two efficient methods, i.e. U-statistics and the fractal concentration-area for separation and detection of anomalous areas of the background were used. The U spatial statistic method is a weighted mean, which considers sampling point positions and their spatial relation in the estimation of anomaly location. Also, fractal and multi-fractal models have also been applied to separate anomalies from background values. In this paper, the concentration–area model (C–A) was suggested to separate the anomaly of background. For this purpose, about 256 stream sediment samples were collected and analyzed. Then anomaly maps of elements were generated based on U spatial statistics and the C-A fractal methods for Au, As and Sb elements. According to obtained results, the U-statistics method performed better than C-A method. Because the comparisons of the known deposits and occurrences against the anomalous area created using thresholds from U-statistics and C-A method show that the spatial U-statistics method hits all of 3 known deposits and occurrences, the C-A fractal method hits 1 and fails 2. In addition, the results showed that these methods with regard to spatial distribution and variability within neighboring samples, in addition to concentration value frequency distributions and correlation coefficients, have more accurate results than the traditional approaches.     

数字水准仪在高程控制测量中的应用

在测绘技术及仪器技术不断提升的同时,基础测绘以及工程测量等对于水准测量的精度要求也越来越高,数字水准仪运用到高程控制测量也具备了实现的可能性。本文针对实际工程中基本设计对测量精度的要求来探讨数字水准仪的测量精度和可靠性。     

基于HOT影像优化的遥感影像去雾算法

针对BSHTI和IBSHTI两种算法对卫星影像云雾校正后,地表的色调和纹理等细节缺失严重的问题,提出OIBSHTI算法对IBSHTI算法得出的雾厚度图像进行地表信息削减。通过填洼算法去除暗色区域,并引入纹理和边缘信息等进行优化处理,在彻底去除云雾的同时保留地表的色调和纹理,特别是蓝色或红色建筑物房顶的校正效果较为明显。     

The influence of local winds and the southern North Sea on the level of the River Thames

Subtidal changes of the level of the River Thames are examined over the period September–October 1973. Almost 98% of the total subtidal variance can be accounted for by a spatial mode describing uniform changes of level at all tide gauges. This mode is due to changes of the level of the southern North Sea into which the River Thames flows. The remaining 2% of total variance can be almost completely described by a tilting of level. This tilting is partly due to a delay in the response of the river to elevation changes at the mouth and partly to the effect of local wind. The effect of local wind could cause the level at Greenwich to differ from that at Southend by as much as 35 cm.     

Water-level fluctuations, emersion regimes, and variations of echinoid populations on a Caribbean reef flat

This paper examines fluctuations in water level over a Caribbean reef flat at Punta Galeta, Panamá. In an analysis of approximately ten years of records, the mean diurnal range of the tides was 24·5 cm and varied <2 cm from year to year. Daily mean water levels varied erratically over a range of approximately 30 cm. Monthly mean water levels fluctuated seasonally over a range of about 10 cm and were consistently higher than those at the regional tidal reference station at Cristóbal. On days with more wave action, water levels at Galeta increased relative to those at Cristóbal, suggesting that waves were ‘pumping’ water onto the reef flat. The monthly mean water levels at the two sites were not correlated, indicating that tidal data from conventional stations in deeper water cannot be extrapolated to reef flats, except as estimates of minimum potential water levels.Most of the reef flat was within 6 cm vertical span just below mean lower low water. The highest elevations within this range were exposed above water level for an average of 918 hours per year, as compared with 144 hours per year at the lowest elevation. Most exposures lasted less than 10 hours, with a modal duration of 3–5 hours; however, exposures longer than 12 hours occurred at nearly all elevations in all years. Exposures of the reef flat were most frequent between February and June and between August and November, a pattern apparently caused by a combination of seasonal oscillations of regional sea levels, the annual pattern of the solstitial tides, and waves generated by seasonal trade winds.The fluctuations in water levels apparently affected the abundances of some species of sea urchins on the reef flat. Populations of Lytechinus variegatus and Diadema antillarum declined or disappeared from the reef flat during seasons of repeated subaerial exposures, but recolonized the habitat in periods of higher water levels. Although they are reported to suffer heavy mortality during emersion, Echinometra lucunter and E. viridis did not exhibit reductions in abundance that were synchronous with the seasonal exposures of the reef flat.