917灞桥灾难性黄土滑坡形成因素与运动模拟

持续性强降雨是诱发黄土滑坡的主要因素。 2011年9月份的持续强降雨达到50a来最大值, 在陕西省关中地区诱发了多处滑坡, 造成交通中断, 带来了严重灾难。尤其9月17日发生于白鹿塬的灞桥滑坡(917灞桥滑坡), 共造成32人伤亡的灾难性滑坡事件。为了揭示滑坡成因和运动过程, 通过对917灞桥滑坡灾害的调查和分析, 揭示了灾害的特点和诱发因素, 通过滑坡运动模拟还原了其运动过程和成灾范围。(1)9.17灞桥滑坡体相对高度大约90m, 宽170m, 滑动厚度约10m; 滑动方向为60, 滑动距离约150m, 总方量约15104m3; 滑坡共发生3次滑动, 滑动方量分别为9.5104m3、3.5104m3和2104m3, 平均堆积厚度12m左右; (2)917灞桥滑坡诱发因素主要是长历时的强降雨、开挖后的高陡边坡和特殊的黄土结构性。充足的前期降雨和当日的强降雨是滑坡发生的主要激发因素; 开挖后形成的高陡边坡发育一系列裂隙, 促使滑坡的发生; 裂隙的产生为降雨的优势渗流提供了通道, 加速了滑坡的发生。(3)利用LS_RAPID对917灞桥滑坡进行模拟, 根据模拟结果, 滑坡可以分为3个阶段, 起动加速滑动阶段(0～7.5s), 沿x方向速度从0迅速增加到4.9ms-1, 沿y方向速度从0迅速增加到8.4ms-1; 滑坡体在这一阶段共滑动了65m; 减速滑动极端, 速度开始降低(7.5～14s), x、y方向的平均速度分别降到1.5ms-1和2.5ms-1, 滑坡在这一阶段向前运动了50m; 堆积停止阶段(15～28.6s), 滑坡运动速度持续降低, 堆积厚度逐渐变薄, 滑坡体共向前滑动了175m, 滑坡最大堆积厚度为14m, 与野外调查结果基本一致。结果对认识和研究此类滑坡成因机理具有重要的借鉴意义, 也可为今后该地区防灾和减灾提供参考。     

钪-邻氯苯基萤光酮-CTMAB显色反应的研究

在pH5.5—7.8的(CH_2)_6N_4-HCl缓冲液中,CTMAB对Sc与o-Cl-PF的显色反应有明显的增敏作用。实验表明,Sc-o-Cl-PF-CTMAB三元配合物的λ_(max)为560nm,ε=1.21×10~5·L·mol~(-1)·cm~(-1),Sc含量在0—6.0μg/25ml范围内线性关系良好。所拟Sc的分析方法经合成样和稀土矿样的验证,方法可行。     

Organic contamination identification in sediments from a Mediterranean coastal ecosystem: The case of the Nador lagoon (Eastern Morocco)

The Nador lagoon ecosystem (North-East of Morocco) displays a major socioeconomic interest. In fact, it is essential to evaluate consequences of anthropogenic activities in the lagoon especially by organic matter studies (nature and distribution) in the sedimentary compartment. Surface sediments show variable rates in total organic carbon and in sulfur, high in some cases (7.5 and 1.8% respectively). These high contents are recorded in the center of the lagoon. Their distributions are controlled by the hydrodynamism and the anthropogenic degree. The molecular biomarkers analyses and especially n-alkanes distribution reveal: a zone of marine influence; and a zone of continental influence. The occurrence of pentacyclic triterpanes with a typical distribution of a thermally mature organic matter reveals a contamination due to petroleum products in the entire lagoon except for the center. Coprostanol occurrence near cities indicates wastewater effluents inputs and reducing conditions underlined by high values of stanols/sterol ratios. Thus, the organic contamination (petroleum by-products and wastewater effluents) occurs in the vicinity of the cities whereas the littoral edge and center remain weakly affected by these contaminations.     

西昆仑麻扎构造混杂岩带中大理岩的遥感识别方法

为研究如何利用遥感技术对构造混杂岩带进行识别,以西昆仑地区麻扎构造混杂岩带为例,对混杂岩带中的大理岩进行光谱测试以及光谱特征分析,利用实测波谱对研究区ETM+影像进行反演的波谱反演法,建立实测波谱和影像波谱之间的线性关系;辅之增强变换处理方法提取色调信息,扩大不同岩性的灰度差异,突出目标信息并改善图像效果,以提高实测波...     

New ICP‐MS Results for Trace Elements in Five Iron‐Formation Reference Materials

Iron formations (IFs) typically contain low mass fractions of most trace elements, including the rare earth elements (REE), and few publications describe analytical methods dedicated to this matrix. In this study, we used bomb and table‐top acid dissolution procedures and ICP‐MS to determine the mass fractions of trace elements in IF reference materials FER‐1, FER‐2, FER‐3, FER‐4 and IF‐G. The full digestion of the IF samples with the bomb procedure required the addition of a small amount of water together with the acids. The results obtained by this method mostly agreed statistically with published values. The most remarkable exception was the higher values obtained for the heavy REE in FER‐3. The recoveries of the REE obtained with the table‐top procedure were slightly higher than those of the bomb digestion, except for the values of the heavy REE in FER‐3 and FER‐4, which were up to 30% lower than published values. Sintering of the samples with sodium peroxide was performed to determine the REE, but the results tended to be lower than those derived following acid digestion. On the whole, the recoveries showed dependence on the conditions of digestion, but subtle differences in trace mineral composition between samples also exerted influence on the analytical results for trace elements.     

Performance of a parallel finite difference atmospheric general circulation model 1

A new version of the Institute of Atmospheric Physics (IAP) 9-Layer (9L) atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) suitable for Massively Parallel Processor (MPP) has been developed. This paper presents the principles of the parallel code design and examines its performance on a variety of state-of-the-art parallel computers in China. Domain decomposition strategy is used to achieve parallelism that is implemented by Message Passing Interface (MPI). Only the one dimensional domain decomposition algorithm is shown to scale favorably as the number of processors is increased. This work is partly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 49775268 and 49823002), the China National Key Development Planning Project for Basic Research (Grant No. G1998040905) and the CAS Key Innovation Direction Project (Grant No. KZCX2208).     

KArMars: A Breadboard Model for In Situ Absolute Geochronology Based on the K–Ar Method Using UV‐Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry

We present a breadboard prototype to perform in situ dating applicable to planetary exploration. Based on the K–Ar dating method and using instruments inspired by flight‐proven analytical components, ‘KArMars’ ablated a geological sample under high vacuum with a quadrupled ultraviolet (UV at 266 nm) Nd:YAG laser. During ablation, the K content of the target material was given by laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy and the released ⁴⁰Ar was measured with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Because K was measured as a concentration and ⁴⁰Ar as a count of atoms, these values were converted using the ablated mass given by the product of the density and the ablated volume. The uncertainties of the age measurement were < 15%. The quality of the K–Ar measurements was enhanced by the advantages of UV laser ablation such as the minimisation of thermal effects on argon diffusion. This work demonstrates that a specialised instrument inspired by this set‐up could provide in situ absolute geochronology with sufficient precision for scientific investigations, particularly where the crater density counting provides higher uncertainties on Mars.     

A Method for Rapid Determination of Re and Os Isotope Compositions Using ID‐MC‐ICP‐MS Combined with the Sparging Method

A simple, rapid method for the determination of Re and Os concentrations and isotope compositions using isotope dilution multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ID‐MC‐ICP‐MS) combined with Carius tube digestion and sparging introduction of Os was developed. For Os measurement, four channeltron ion counters to detect different Os isotopes were used simultaneously, which led to a drastic reduction in the measurement time. Rhenium isotopes were measured by means of eight Faraday cups with solution nebulisation and an ultrasonic membrane desolvator. The representative ¹⁸⁸Os count rate of an Os standard solution containing 50 pg of total Os was approximately 110000–120000 cps at the onset of measurement; the Re intensity of our in‐house 10 pg g^?1 standard solution reached 1820 V/μg g^?1 with a sample uptake rate of 95–99 μl min^?1. These values indicate that the sensitivity of the method was sufficient even for samples with low Re and Os concentrations, such as chert. As the temporal variations of the amplification efficiency of the ion counters differed from one another, we adopted a sample‐calibrator bracketing method to correct the measured Re and Os isotope ratios. The Re and Os concentrations via the isotope dilution method and the ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios of two sedimentary rock reference materials (JMS‐2 and JCh‐1) on the basis of the isotope ratios determined by the MC‐ICP‐MS and by negative thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (N‐TIMS) were comparable within their ranges. Based on Os isotope measurement of the IAG reference material [Durham Romil Os (DROsS)], the average difference from the recommended value and precision of Os isotope measurements by the sparging method in combination with multi‐ion‐counters were 0.72% and 0.76% [1RSD (%), n = 29], respectively. The precisions in the ¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os ratios [1RSD (%)] of JMS‐2, JCh‐1 and DROsS were 0.35–0.71, 1.56–3.31 and 0.99–1.28%, respectively, which depended on their Os ion intensities. No systematic difference was observed between the Re and Os geochemical compositions of JCh‐1 and JMS‐2 obtained by means of digestion with inverse aqua regia and CrO₃‐H₂SO₄ solutions, suggesting that either acid solution can be used for the sparging method of sedimentary rock samples. As CrO₃‐H₂SO₄ solution is believed to liberate predominantly the hydrogenous Re and Os fraction from organic‐rich sediment, the sparging method combined with CrO₃‐H₂SO₄ digestion and multi‐ion‐counters in the mass spectrometry is expected to be a powerful tool for reconstructing the secular change in marine Os isotope compositions with high sample throughput.     

Photometric membership and metallicities of red giant candidates in selected open clusters

As part of a long‐term project to determine abundances and astrophysical properties of evolved red stars in open clusters, we present high‐precision DDO photoelectric observations for a sample of 33 red giant candidates projected in the fields of nine Galactic open clusters. These data are supplemented with UBV photoelectric photometry of 24 of these stars as well as with CORAVEL radial‐velocity observations for 13 red giant candidates in four of the clusters. We also present Washington photoelectric photometry of a small sample of red giant candidates of the open cluster Ruprecht 97. The likelihood of cluster membership for each star photometrically observed and for 23 additional red giant candidates with UBV and DDO data available in the literature, is evaluated by using two independent photometric criteria. Nearly 82% of the analysed stars are found to have a high probability of being cluster giants. Photometric membership probabilities show very good agreement with those obtained from CORAVEL radial velocities. While E (B –V) colour excesses were determined from combined B – V and DDO colours, calibrations of the DDO system were used to derive MK spectral types, effective temperatures and metallicities. The derived DDO metallicities range between values typical of moderately metal‐poor clusters ([Fe/H] = –0.19) to moderately metal‐rich ([Fe/H] = 0.25) ones. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

IPCC emission scenarios: How did critiques affect their quality and relevance 1990–2022?

Long-term global emission scenarios enable the analysis of future climate change, impacts, and response strategies by providing insight into possible future developments and linking these different climate research elements. Such scenarios play a crucial role in the climate change literature informing the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s (IPCC) Assessment Reports (ARs) and support policymakers. This article reviews the evolution of emission scenarios, since 1990, by focusing on scenario critiques and responses as published in the literature. We focus on the issues raised in the critiques and the possible impact on scenario development. The critique (280) focuses on four areas: 1) key scenario assumptions (40%), 2) the emissions range covered by the scenarios and missing scenarios (25%), 3) methodological issues (24%), and 4) the policy relevance and handling of uncertainty (11%). Scenario critiques have become increasingly influential since 2000. Some areas of critique have decreased or become less prominent (probability, development process, convergence assumptions, and economic metrics). Other areas have become more dominant over time (e.g., policy relevance & implications of scenarios, transparency, Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) assumptions, missing scenarios). Several changes have been made in developing scenarios and their content that respond to the critique.