The atmospheric general circulation: Some unresolved issues

Several questions concerning the general circulation for which satisfactory answers are not yet available are discussed. The focus is on the zonal mean heat balance, since problems in our understanding of this balance are a fundamental limitation on our ability to model climate and climate change. The questions are: How strong is the atmosphere's poleward heat transport? What are the relative roles of large-scale eddies and small-scale convection in stabilizing the mid-latitude atmosphere? What are the dynamical mechanisms that maintain the time mean zonal mean state in mid-latitudes? Some suggestions for addressing these questions are given.     

理查逊数Ri在沿海近地层大气稳定度分类中的应用

根据广东、浙江沿海２个１００ｍ气象铁塔上１０、２５、５０、７５、１６０ｍ五层各１年的逐时温度、风速梯度资料，研究理查逊数（Ｒｉ）在沿海近地层大气稳定度分类中的应用。结果表明：目前常用的理查逊数稳定度分类标准不适用于沿海地区，根据沿海地区的实际资料，本文推荐了一种适用于沿海地区的Ｒｉ数稳定度分类标准。     

一种浸润冻结机制冰核测量装置(FINDA)的搭建与应用

为了定量评估降水（雨、雪、雹等）和大气中冰核浓度,搭建了一种新型的离线式冰核测量装置（FINDA）用于检测浸润冻结机制的冰核。对多通道测温元件进行了改装和校准,并利用红外热成像仪动态校准了冷台水平温差,开发了自动化软件实现对测量过程的控制和数据分析。通过超纯水冻结实验、雪水及大气样品中冰核检验评估了FINDA的测量性能。结果表明,FINDA温度测量偏差随温度降低而线性增大,?25℃时误差为±0.75℃;超纯水初始冻结温度平均为?21.27±1.45℃,中值冻结温度（T₅₀）平均为?25.65±0.64℃;对同一降雪融水样品中冰核浓度温度谱检测,FINDA与其他冻滴设备测量结果基本一致,同冰核浓度下温度偏差小于3℃;大气样品中冰核?20℃时比在线连续流量扩散云室测量值略高,与国际上其他学者的结论一致。FINDA能够有效获得0—?25℃每隔0.25℃的冰核浓度谱,超纯水和试验操作引入的冰核对测量结果影响很小。设备的广泛应用可帮助深入了解大气冰核在混合云降水中的作用,为预报和云模式的本地化改进及对云降水理论研究提供重要的实验数据和理论基础。      

The chemical composition of rainwater over Büyükçekmece Lake, Istanbul

In the present study, the precipitation near Büyükçekmece Lake, which is one of the important drinking water sources of Istanbul city, was studied during October 2001–July 2002. Seventy-nine bulk precipitation samples were collected at two sampling stations near the Lake (41°2′35″N, 28°35′25″E and 41°5′30″N, 28°37′7″E). The study comprised the determination of H⁺, Cl⁻, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, NH₄⁺, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Al, Ba, Fe, Cu and Mn concentrations in bulk deposition rain event samples. The average volume-weighted pH value was found to be 4.81, which points out that the rain is slightly acidic. High sulfate concentrations were observed together with high H⁺ ion values. Sulfur emissions were the major cause for the observed high hydrogen ion levels. On the basis of factor analysis and correlation matrix analysis, it has been found that in this region, acid neutralization is brought about by calcium rather than the ammonium ion. The varimax rotated factor analysis grouped the variables into four factors, which are crustal, marine and two anthropogenic sources.     

青藏高原北部的大气加热场特征

利用五道梁1994－1997年的实际观测资料，结合一些经验计算公式计算得到了1994－1997年青藏高原北部地区的大气加热场强度。结果表明，从4年平均情况来看，高原北部地区4－8月大气加热场为热源，10月－2月为冷源，3月和9月为转换时期；就年平均大气加热场强度年际变化来看，1994年和1995年为大气冷源，1996年和1997年则为大气热源；高原北部的大气加热场强度的年际变化主由地面感热输送的年际变化所决定。     

成都地区大气边界层逆温特征分析

针对污染气象条件对大气环境影响的问题,利用2010—2012年成都地区探空资料的温度数据,系统研究了成都地区逆温的结构及分布特征。结果表明:2010—2012年成都地区整体以贴地逆温出现频率最高、厚度最大及强度最强,其次为低悬逆温和高悬逆温。不同类型逆温出现的频率、厚度及强度也存在一定的季节差异,贴地逆温春季出现频率最高,厚度最大,其他各季差异不显著;冬季逆温最强,夏季最弱。3类逆温的日变化明显,08时逆温出现的频率和厚度普遍大于20时,且08时逆温强度大于20时。分析成都地区大气边界层逆温层特征,对了解成都地区污染物扩散规律具有重要的意义。     

保定市大气颗粒物中含碳组分粒径分布

北京-天津-河北地区工业城市保定大气颗粒物(Particulate matter,PM)污染严重,保定大气颗粒物尤其是细粒子和超细粒子污染严重,其中含碳组分具有重大贡献,PM1.1、PM2.1和PM2.1-9.0中含碳气溶胶总量(total carbonaceous aerosols,TCA)分别占到(49±20)%、(45±19)%和(19±7)%。PM9.0中的含碳气溶胶主要富集在PM2.1乃至PM1.1中。颗粒物浓度谱分布及含碳气溶胶富集量呈显著季节变化,由于采暖过程秋冬季各粒径段有机碳(organic carbon,OC)和元素碳(elemental carbon,EC)的浓度均增加,秋、冬季节细颗粒物中OC浓度可高达44.0±38.3、78.5±30.2μg m-3,EC浓度分别为3.5±1.6、8.5±6.8μg m-3。各个季节OC和EC在总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulate,TSP)中的几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)均集中在较小粒径段。粗颗粒物中OC的GMD在春夏季较高,秋季减少,而冬季最低。而粗颗粒物中EC的GMD则是冬季最高,夏季最低。保定0.4μm的颗粒物中OC/EC比值4个季节的水平较为稳定,春、夏、秋、冬季OC/EC比值分别为5.2、3.5、4.1和5.4,来源主要为交通和燃煤。其余几个粒径段的颗粒物的来源更为复杂,其来源主要为燃煤、木材和生物质。     

玉米螟发生程度与大气环流的关系及长期预报

利用1972-1995年菏泽市玉米螟发生程度与历年各月北半球500hPa平均高度，探讨了玉米螟发生程度与大气环流的关系，并利用优势相关区中相关最显著的高度因子建立了长期预报模式，模式预报时效可提前40d以上，经检验历史拟合率达到96%以上，两年试报准确。     

The Turbulent Lagrangian Time Scale in Forest Canopies Constrained by Fluxes,Concentrations and Source Distributions

One-dimensional Lagrangian dispersion models, frequently used to relate in-canopy source/sink distributions of energy, water and trace gases to vertical concentration profiles, require estimates of the standard deviation of the vertical wind speed, which can be measured, and the Lagrangian time scale, T _L , which cannot. In this work we use non-linear parameter estimation to determine the vertical profile of the Lagrangian time scale that simultaneously optimises agreement between modelled and measured vertical profiles of temperature, water vapour and carbon dioxide concentrations within a 40-m tall temperate Eucalyptus forest in south-eastern Australia. Modelled temperature and concentration profiles are generated using Lagrangian dispersion theory combined with source/sink distributions of sensible heat, water vapour and CO₂. These distributions are derived from a multilayer Soil-Vegetation-Atmospheric-Transfer model subject to multiple constraints: (1) daytime eddy flux measurements of sensible heat, latent heat, and CO₂ above the canopy, (2) in-canopy lidar measurements of leaf area density distribution, and (3) chamber measurements of CO₂ ground fluxes. The resulting estimate of Lagrangian time scale within the canopy under near-neutral conditions is about 1.7 times higher than previous estimates and decreases towards zero at the ground. It represents an advance over previous estimates of T _L , which are largely unconstrained by measurements.