A discussion on improving typhoon observation through radar by scanning the negative elevation angle

Certain feasibilities and features were discussed in typhoon detection by radar with a negative elevation angle according to the relationship between the remote detecting range and the elevation angle of the new generation weather radar, in order to rectify the disadvantages of detecting capability for remote low-level echo with a lowest elevation angle of 0.5° in the common detecting mode. The data obtained from detecting the typhoon of Haitang and Changmi with radar for their negative elevation angles and the observed data for the common lowest elevation angle of 0.5° were compared to each other. The results showed that the detection of remote low level cloud system with radar could be improved by using the negative elevation angle, and the structure and the evolution trend of a typhoon could be better judged. The increasing degree of detection for negative elevation angles in the current volume scanning mode should be helpful for predicting the intensity and developing trend of windstorms, to further improve the capability of warning and nowcasting. The detection of negative elevation angle could also help reveal the development and change of typhoon＇s low level cloud system. As far as the typhoons of Haitang and Changmi were concerned, the detecting area of Changmi was increased by 1.09 times with the negative elevation angle of 0.31°, compared with the elevation angle of 0.48° if the threshold value for the sea echo within 100 km was eliminated. Several volume scans of Haitang were increased by 2.1%-7.9% for the negative elevation angle of 0.36° compared with the elevation angle of 0.49° . Therefore, the radar detecting capability of typhoons could be improved by the detection of negative elevation angles to some extent. This could make up for the disadvantages of a low detecting capability for remote low-level echo in the common detecting mode. At the same time, a negative elevation angle could be easily influenced by the ground clutter and the close sea wave clutter which interfered with the asses     

Installing single-propeller twin-rudder system with less asymmetric maneuvering motions

The inflow characteristics to each one of the rudders of single-propeller twin-rudder system are investigated. It is shown that this inflow is not parallel to ship's centerline. This may result in asymmetric maneuvering characteristic of the ship thereby reducing ship's maneuvering performance. For this purpose, a method of installing single-propeller twin-rudder system is proposed. This method is called “virtual zero rudder angle” arrangement. Here, each one of the twin-rudder is set at an angle corresponding to the inflow to the rudder. The improvement in ship's maneuvering characteristics with “virtual zero rudder angle” arrangement is investigated using experiments and numerical simulations for different ship types. It is shown that this arrangement may also improve ship's propulsion performance.     

声跃层结构变化对深海汇聚区声传播的影响

根据射线理论建立了线性声速结构条件下的声跃层强度与深海汇聚区关系模型,用最小位移角讨论了海洋环境变化（如声跃层强度变化、声跃层位置变化及季节性跃层生消等）与汇聚区距离和宽度变化的相关性.结果表明,声跃层的结构变化对汇聚区特征影响很大.声跃层强度增大使汇聚区向远离声源的方向变化,跃层强度每增加0.01 s-1对应的汇聚区位移增大约为3.5～5.0 km.声跃层位置变化对汇聚区的影响小于声跃层强度,与两层结构的声速剖面相比,上行结构使汇聚区向靠近声源的方向变化,声跃层上升200 m对应的汇聚区位移减小约为1.0～1.5 km,声跃层越浅,汇聚区距离越近;下行结构使汇聚区向远离声源的方向变化,混合层加深200 m对应的汇聚区位移增大约为1.0～1.5 km,混合层越深,汇聚区距离越远.季节性跃层的生消使近表层有负梯度、零梯度和正梯度的变化.负梯度结构的变化规律与两层结构条件下的声跃层强度变化类似,但对汇聚区的影响程度相对较小;正梯度结构使汇聚区在近表层出现表面声道,梯度值的增强将使汇聚区向靠近声源的方向变化.     

基于天文观测的经纬仪基准方位测量功能拓展

从电子速测仪(全站仪)的基本功用及其在海陆工程测量中的实际应用出发,根据天文导航测量原理,采用时角法和高度法等测量方法,拓展经纬仪方位测量功能,提供基准方位测量,解决诸如建筑施工、港口建设、航道疏浚、导管架安装、罗经安装及校准等基准方位(线)标定,使不同作业环境下的方位测量、校准更加简捷、快速,满足工程施工的精度要求.     

珠穆朗玛峰国家自然保护区沼泽湿地提取及其退化风险评价

以珠穆朗玛峰国家自然保护区为研究区域,选取2009年23幅MODIS NDVI影像,采用傅里叶变换的HA-NTS算法去除云干扰,并重构NDVI时间序列图像.(1)根据研究区沼泽湿地与其他地物类型物候特征的差异,利用光谱角制图方法(SAM)获取了研究区2009年沼泽湿地的分布图.研究区沼泽湿地共有2 481.13km2,...     

角域地形点源电场解析计算及其在高密度电阻率法地改中的应用

通过角域叠加的方法获得由纯地形引起的视电阻率异常,采用比值法对边坡地形条件下的高密度电阻率法测量数据进行地形校正,并结合测区钻孔地质剖面分析地改效果。结果表明:角域地形改正的方法是有效的,地改后的反演断面与实际的地质情况更加接近,效果较好。     

用VB2008和Excel2007开发软弱下卧层强度验算程序

使用Visual Basic 2008的ActiveX技术引用Excel 2007,实现了软弱下卧层强度自动验算程序,能够满足工程验算要求,应用效果良好。     

基于概率理论的折线形滑坡锚固结构受力

引入折线形滑坡锚固结构的最大概然入射线、期望角两个概念,来计算折线形滑坡锚固结构的受力情况。用期望角代替整个折线形滑面的倾角,可以将折线形滑坡锚固受力计算转变为直线形滑坡锚固结构的受力计算。实例表明,该法明显简化了折线形滑坡的锚固结构受力计算流程,可为折线形滑坡的锚固支护设计提供参考。     

主动铰接型盾构机自动导向系统测量与姿态精密解算方法

主动铰接型盾构机在曲线隧道开挖中应用广泛,其盾构姿态的精密解算是盾构机自动导向系统的核心功能,也是盾构掘进中进行盾构机实时纠偏的前提和基础。国内外盾构机自动导向系统提供商对自身盾构姿态计算原理和方法保密的现状,给盾构机姿态人工复核和盾构施工带来了较大困难。本文在研究两款国产盾构机和日本演算工坊棱镜法自动导向系统的基础上,利用立体几何和空间投影变换原理,提出了主动铰接型盾构机姿态精密解算方法,给出详细推导计算公式。通过对多台盾构机在不同隧道线型内多组姿态坐标数据的计算和对比,验证了该盾构姿态精密解算方法的正确性。     

祁连山-河西走廊地区断裂活动性评价

在震源机制解及构造应力场分析的基础上，定义了断层活动度、断层能动度的计算公式，进一步对祁连山-河西走廊地区的主要活动断裂进行了活动性评价，取得了较好的结果。