Tree species identification within an extensive forest area with diverse management regimes using airborne hyperspectral data

Information on tree species composition is crucial in forest management and can be obtained using remote sensing. While the topic has been addressed frequently over the last years, the remote sensing-based identification of tree species across wide and complex forest areas is still sparse in the literature. Our study presents a tree species classification of a large fraction of the Białowieża Forest in Poland covering 62 000 ha and being subject to diverse management regimes. Key objectives were to obtain an accurate tree species map and to examine if the prevalent management strategy influences the classification results. Tree species classification was conducted based on airborne hyperspectral HySpex data. We applied an iterative Support Vector Machine classification and obtained a thematic map of 7 individual tree species (birch, oak, hornbeam, lime, alder, pine, spruce) and an additional class containing other broadleaves. Generally, the more heterogeneous the area was, the more errors we observed in the classification results. Managed forests were classified more accurately than reserves. Our findings indicate that mapping dominant tree species with airborne hyperspectral data can be accomplished also over large areas and that forest management and its effects on forest structure has an influence on classification accuracies and should be actively considered when progressing towards operational mapping of tree species composition.     

渤海自由生活海洋线虫两个新纪录种

在对渤海滨州贝壳堤岛的自由生活海洋线虫进行分类和多样性研究中,发现2个我国新纪录种并进行了描述。其中,澳洲深咽线虫Bathylaimus australis Cobb,1894主要特征为:头刚毛长约20μm,分为4节,顶端膨大;前口腔大,无齿,后口腔小,具小齿;化感器双环形,位于口腔中部位置;交接刺细长,稍向腹面弯曲,近端膨大呈头状,长32-37μm;引带宽大,肾形,长36-40μm,末端角质化,渐尖。古氏努朵拉线虫Nudora gourbaultae Vincx,1989主要特征为:体表具12列纵向排列的V型装饰;第二体环较宽,头刚毛11-15μm(为头颈的67%-81%);化感器圆形,直径4-6μm(为相应体径的29%-38%),位于第二体环上;具双咽球;交接刺细长,弯曲呈S型,长为肛径的1.3-1.5倍;引带等于或长于交接刺,镰刀型,无肛前辅器。     

2017年春夏季西北太平洋浮游植物的区域差异及其与不同水团的关系

The West Pacific Ocean is considered as the provenance center of global marine life and has the highest species diversity of numerous marine taxa. The phytoplankton, as the primary producer at the base of the food chain,effects on climate change, fish resources as well as the entire ecosystem. However, there are few large-scale surveys covering several currents with different hydrographic characteristics. This study aimed to explore the relationships between the spatio-temporal variation in phytoplankton community structure and different water masses. A total of 630 water samples and 90 net samples of phytoplankton were collected at 45 stations in the Northwest Pacific Ocean(21.0°–42.0°N, 118.0°–156.0°E) during spring and summer 2017. A total of 281 phytoplankton taxa(5 μm) belonging to 61 genera were identified in the study area. The distribution pattern of the phytoplankton community differed significantly both spatially and temporally. The average abundances of phytoplankton in spring and summer were 797.07×10~2 cells/L and 84.94×10~2 cells/L, respectively. Whether in spring or summer, the maximum abundance always appeared in the northern transition region affected by the Oyashio Current, where nutrients were abundant and diatoms dominated the phytoplankton community;whereas the phytoplankton abundance was very low in the oligotrophic Kuroshio region, and the proportion of dinoflagellates in total abundance increased significantly. The horizontal distribution of phytoplankton abundance increased from low to high latitudes, which was consistent with the trend of nutrient distributions, but contrary to that of water temperature and salinity. In the northern area affected by the Oyashio Current, the phytoplankton abundance was mainly concentrated in the upper 30 m of water column, while the maximum abundance often occurred at depths of 50–75 m in the south-central area affected by the Kuroshio Current.Pearson correlation and redundancy analysis(RDA) showed that phytoplankton abundance was significant negatively correlated with temperature and salinity, but positively correlated with nutrient concentration. The phytoplankton community structure was mainly determined by nutrient availability, especially the N:P ratio.     

A new pelagic Polyconchoecia Xiang, Chen and Du, 2018 (Ostracoda: Myodocopa: Halocyprididae) from the South China Sea

Halocyprid ostracods are appreciable part of ostracods floating through virtually everywhere in marine environment.In this study,we describe a new species of genus Polyconchoecia Xiang,Chen and Du,2018,tribe Conchoeciini Chavtur and Angel,2011,family Halocyprididae Dana,1853 from the middle of the South China Sea.Polyconchoecia chenii sp.nov.is very close to P.commixtus Xiang,Chen and Du,2018.But it differs from P.commixtus by the distinctions of locations of major glands of carapace and the characteristics of appendages:more posteriorly situated left asymmetric gland of carapace,no right asymmetric gland;segmented frontal organ;the endopod 2 of the first antenna with a very small seta;a-and c-setae of the first antenna with long end joint have long end joint,the b-and d-setae have no end joint,spinose e-seta without end joint;the e-seta of the second antenna is present;teeth side is distinctive;the setal counts of the mandible,maxilla,fifth limb,and sixth limb are individual.The locations of the major glands on carapace and the characteristics of the first antenna can be the key of the new species.This work is the second discovery of the genus Polyconchoecia from the world.     

Three new species of Anthomedusae (Hydrozoa: Hydroidomedusa) from the Guangdong coastal water, China

The samples of Anthomedusae were collected from the Guangdong coastal water,China.Three new species of Anthomedusae,i.e.Zhangiella condensum Huang,Zhang et Sun,sp.nov.,Hydractinia leizhouensis Huang,Zhang et Yang,sp.nov.,and Cladosarsia simplex Huang,Zhang et Ke,sp.nov.are described.All type specimens are deposited in College of Ocean and Earth Sciences,Xiamen University.     

威海荣成桑沟湾海域海草床分布现状及其生态特征

海草床是生物圈最高产的生态系统之一,在氮捕获、碳封存、水质净化及维持生物多样性等方面发挥关键作用。2016年8月通过对威海荣成桑沟湾海域的现场调查,发现分布总面积约为471.72 ha的海草床,种类为鳗草（Zostera marina）、红纤维虾形草（Phyllospadix iwatensis）、日本鳗草（Zostera japonica）和丛生鳗草（Zostera caespitosa）,分布面积分别为395.33 ha、37.28 ha、32.74 ha和6.37 ha。鳗草分布范围较广,平均茎枝密度817.0±27.6 shoots/m²,平均生物量646.6±41.8 g DW/m²;红纤维虾形草主要分布于桑沟湾北部养殖池和南部楮岛海域,平均茎枝密度2 649.0±29.8 shoots/m²,平均生物量2 381.3±27.3 g DW/m²;日本鳗草主要分布于桑沟湾西部八亩地海域,平均茎枝密度506.0±26.2 shoots/m²,平均生物量118.3±12.5 g DW/m²;丛生鳗草主要分布于桑沟湾南部楮岛海域,其平均密度为513.0±17.9 shoots/m²,平均生物量为479.1±28.1 g DW/m²。结合历史资料,发现桑沟湾海域海草床严重退化,分析了海草床的退化原因并提出了相应的建议和对策,以期为海草资源及滨海生境修复提供参考。     

天津沿海赤潮发生的基本特征研究

使用《天津市海洋环境状况公报》中的数据,分析天津沿海赤潮发生的特征。通过分析发现2005-2017年天津海域共发生赤潮30次,累计发生面积4 695 km2。天津沿海赤潮发生主要集中在夏季,又以8月最多,占赤潮发生总数的30%。通过赤潮优势种的分析发现近年来天津海域赤潮生物的优势种类有不断增加的趋势。同时本文从水文气象条件诱发赤潮的角度分析得出了天津沿海最易发生赤潮的天气形势,天津沿海25~27℃水温范围内赤潮发生较多,最适宜赤潮发生的风速为3、4级风,风向为东南风、西南风。     

基于两种无人机航拍影像的林窗和林冠提取分析

森林冠层和林窗的结构及其时空变化是理解森林生态系统格局、动态变化过程的重要基础。在当前生物多样性监测倍受关注的契机下,如何以合适的手段准确描述林窗面积、分布等特征,并与森林固定样地监测数据有效地结合,更好地回答群落构建的理论问题,使森林群落物种多样性维持机制得到更全面的认识,是目前亟待解决的问题。以鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林20hm2固定监测样地为研究对象,基于不同遥感影像提取方法对其林窗和林冠表层数据进行提取分析。结果表明:基于监督分类的提取方法适合RGB波段航片林窗的提取,在林窗分类中,应首先确定林窗高度、边界木与最小面积,不同分类方法差异主要表现在林冠分类中,林窗分类生产者精度和用户精度表现都较为一致。无人机航拍识别率受地形因素影响较大,在地形复杂林地应按坡度分区域进行飞行以降低误差。相对于地面调查,MD4-1000无人机航片的林窗识别率为98.7%;大疆Phantom4无人机航片的林窗识别率为72.3%,影像后期处理数据量小,同样适用于森林林窗定量研究,符合生态学、林业等从业人员对大型样地林窗长期监测的要求。无人机航拍南亚热带森林物种识别难度较大,基于MD4-1000无人机搭载的高分辨率相机,在地势平缓区域优选的4 hm2样地中可识别林冠表层物种数17种,共2 706个个体。搭载高分辨率无人机在降低飞行高度的基础上可进行部分物种识别。应用无人机近地面遥感对森林固定样地进行林冠监测,可为后期群落构建研究提供数据基础,有望从新的研究角度探讨森林群落物种多样性维持机制。     

珠江口枯水期和丰水期中小型浮游动物群落动态

根据珠江口枯水期(2013年11月)和丰水期(2014年8月) 24个站位调查资料,对中小型浮游动物种类组成、丰度分布、群落结构及其主要影响因子进行了研究.结果表明,枯水期和丰水期分别鉴定浮游动物成体91种和70种,以桡足类最为丰富.浮游动物种类从河口上游向外围逐渐增加.浮游动物丰度时空分布差异显著,丰水期平均值高达11 619. 78 ind/m~3,显著高于枯水期的1 707. 13 ind/m~3.桡足类在珠江口中小型浮游动物中占绝对优势,枯水期和丰水期分别占总丰度的80. 3%和93. 0%,对浮游动物的丰度分布起关键作用.强额孔雀哲水蚤(Parvocalanus crassirostris)、中华异水蚤(Acartiella sinensis)和刺尾纺锤水蚤(Acartia spinicauda)在两个水期均为主要优势种,小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)和厦门矮隆哲水蚤(Bestiolina amoyensis)则分别在枯水期和丰水期具有较高的优势度.聚类分析的结果显示,枯水期和丰水期该水域浮游动物均可划分为3个群落.相关性分析表明,珠江口中小型浮游动物群落结构受多个环境因子的影响,但盐度是其中最为关键的非生物因子.     

A Raman investigation on the boron form occurring in salt lake brine during evaporation

Boron resources are abundant in Da Qaidam salt lake of Qaidamu Basin. It has been given great attention for the polyborate species present in brine. In this study, the Raman spectroscopy was applied to investigate the existing-form of boron in brine during evaporation. The prepared solutions of MgO·2B2O3-H2O, MgO·2B2O3-MgCl2 -H2O, and MgO·2B2O3-MgSO4-H2O was also evaporated and recorded to study the influence of boron concentration, pH, and electrolytes on the borate speciation in brine. The mononborates of B(OH)3 and B(OH)4- were found to be the only forms present in the original salt lake brine. Brine evaporation promotes the formation of polyborate anions B3O3(OH)4-, B5O6(OH)4-, and B6O7(OH)62- and also disappearance of the B(OH)4- ion in brine with boron concentration of more than 11 g/L in B2O3. The pentaborate ion of B5O6(OH)4- was sensitive to the solution pH and found to be appeared under the pH value of 8.0. While the hexaborate ion of B6O7(OH)62- was observed more dependent on the electrolyte of magnesium chloride due to its special properties, such as promoting boron accumulation, lowering solution pH, and also the strong af?nity for water molecules, which is beneficial to the polymerization of borate ions in brine. The interaction mechanisms among polyborate anions during evaporation had also been proposed.