爆破地震波作用下既有圆形隧道衬砌动应力集中系数分析

将爆破地震波进行合理近似简化,采用波函数展开法,推导出无限岩石介质中爆破地震波作用下隧道围岩和衬砌动应力集中系数的表达式。结合具体算例,分析隧道不同位置上爆破地震波主频、隧道几何参数和隧道围岩和衬砌物理力学指标对动应力集中系数的影响。分析结果表明,爆破地震波主振频率对隧道围岩和衬砌中的动应力集中系数（DSCF）影响较大,隧道不同位置和不同方向应力的动应力集中系数随主振频率的变化趋势不同,低主振频率引起的动应力集中系数较大,不利于隧道的抗爆破振动;隧道几何参数对隧道围岩和衬砌内侧切向应力动应力集中系数影响趋势不同;隧道衬砌弹性模量对隧道结构动应力集中系数影响较大,泊松比次之;泊松比较大的隧道围岩具有一定的抗爆破振动作用,但效果有限。     

近区锚喷结构的爆破振动特性研究

选用水泥砂浆和玻璃钢分别模拟岩石和锚杆,浇筑2.5 m×1.8 m×2.1 m尺寸的岩体模型,通过模型试验研究近区锚喷结构在掏槽爆破作用下的振动特性。利用测试锚杆测得不同设置情况锚杆上的应变波。试验结果表明,端锚锚杆中部锚固段与锚杆尾部自由段测得的振动波形和变形形式完全不同,中部锚固段振动幅值稍大;在不设置喷层和预应力时,尾部自由段的应变波规律性更强,且持续时间长;随着离爆源距离的增加,锚杆的振动频率和幅值衰减明显,但振动持续时间则稍有增长;通过小波变化的时频方法分析应变波的能量,临近工作面锚杆的振动能量大,但能量分布分散,振动时间有限,稍远的锚杆虽振动能量小,但能量集中,持续时间长;两种不同能量对锚喷结构产生不同的损坏模式。试验和实践发现,爆破容易造成附近喷层的损坏和锚杆的失效,钢纤维混凝土可增加喷层的抗动载性能,调整支护工艺也是减小爆破影响的有效方法。     

深埋隧洞爆破开挖荷载诱发围岩损伤特性

深埋隧洞爆破开挖荷载构成复杂,对围岩损伤区的孕育发展具有重要影响。利用颗粒流程序（PFC）软件,讨论了不同初始地应力状态下爆炸荷载及地应力瞬态卸载所分别诱发围岩损伤的特性,并通过锦屏2级水电站引水隧洞爆破开挖损伤区检测数据对数值模拟的结果进行了验证。研究表明,爆炸荷载和地应力瞬态卸载所诱发的围岩损伤程度和范围均随地应力量级的提高而显著增大;爆炸荷载作用条件下损伤区的分布有随着侧压力系数的增大而向应力集中区发展的趋势,而地应力瞬态卸荷所产生的围岩破坏以受拉破坏为主,表层损伤区沿开挖呈轮廓均匀分布的趋势;在相同的初始地应力状态下,爆炸荷载和地应力瞬态卸荷所分别诱发的围岩损伤区深度均明显小于实测值,考虑二者的耦合效应后,计算值与实测值基本吻合。这说明这两种荷载是高应力条件下爆破开挖荷载的主要成分,但二者耦合作用对围岩的损伤大于它们单独作用效应的线性叠加。     

用人工源和天然源面波联合探测浅层速度结构.

本文在简要介绍天然源与人工源瑞雷面波勘探基本原理、数据采集和资料处理方法的基础上,结合3个不同场地的探测实例,阐述了天然源和人工源瑞雷面波方法在浅部速度结构探测中的应用效果.结果表明,根据不同的场地条件和探测目的要求,分别采用天然源、人工源瑞雷面波方法提取瑞雷波频散曲线,再用遗传算法反演得到工程场地浅部地层横波速度结构的技术方法是有效和可行的.该方法对于类似工程的浅部横波速度结构探测具有经济适用、简便快捷的优点.     

Modeling of the Removal of Arsenic Species from Simulated Groundwater Containing As,Fe, and Mn: A Neural Network Based Approach

The present paper deals with the modeling of the removal of total arsenic As(T), trivalent arsenic As(III), and pentavalent arsenic As(V) from synthetic solutions containing total arsenic (0.167–2.0 mg/L), Fe (0.9–2.7 mg/L), and Mn (0.2–0.6 mg/L) in a batch reactor using Fe impregnated granular activated charcoal (GAC‐Fe). Mass ratio of As(III) and As(V) in the solution was 1:1. Multi‐layer neural network (MLNN) has been used and full factorial design technique has been applied for the selection of input data set. The developed models are able to predict the adsorption of arsenic species with an error limit of ?0.3 to +1.7%. Combination of MLNN with design of experiment has been able to generalize the MLNN with less number of experimental points.     

Groundwater Storage through Rain Water Harvesting (RWH)

Groundwater extraction is rampant in many developing countries and urban areas whereas the natural recharge is decreasing due to covering of Earth's surface for various developmental activities. This leads to declining levels of groundwater and deterioration in groundwater quality. Artificial recharge with rain water harvesting techniques offers an excellent scope to arrest this degradation. This paper presents a study that analyzes the influence of rain water harvesting (RWH) on groundwater storage and quality. Chennai City, India is selected as study area, as major RWH implementation has taken place during 2002–2003 due to Government legislation. Preliminary analysis of groundwater levels were done spatially and temporally. Groundwater table contours were drawn using the GIS software for pre‐ (1999–2000) and post‐RWH (2009–2010) periods. The groundwater levels follow a decreasing trend before implementation of RWH where as a positive increasing trend takes place after construction of RWH structures. “Groundwater Estimation Committee (GEC)” norms of Government of India were used to estimate the change in storage during pre‐ and post‐RWH periods, which are found to be 1.76 × 10⁶ and 32.77 × 10⁶ m³, respectively. The results show that the implementation of RWH has increased the groundwater storage considerably. Also, the influence of RWH on groundwater quality is found to be encouraging in some parts of the studied area.     

Mineralogical alteration of artificial meteorites during atmospheric entry. The STONE-5 experiment

The generic concept of the artificial meteorite experiment STONE is to fix rock samples bearing microorganisms on the heat shield of a recoverable space capsule and to study their modifications during atmospheric re-entry. The STONE-5 experiment was performed mainly to answer astrobiological questions. The rock samples mounted on the heat shield were used (i) as a carrier for microorganisms and (ii) as internal control to verify whether physical conditions during atmospheric re-entry were comparable to those experienced by “real” meteorites. Samples of dolerite (an igneous rock), sandstone (a sedimentary rock), and gneiss impactite from Haughton Crater carrying endolithic cyanobacteria were fixed to the heat shield of the unmanned recoverable capsule FOTON-M2. Holes drilled on the back side of each rock sample were loaded with bacterial and fungal spores and with dried vegetative cryptoendoliths. The front of the gneissic sample was also soaked with cryptoendoliths.

The mineralogical differences between pre- and post-flight samples are detailed. Despite intense ablation resulting in deeply eroded samples, all rocks in part survived atmospheric re-entry. Temperatures attained during re-entry were high enough to melt dolerite, silica, and the gneiss impactite sample. The formation of fusion crusts in STONE-5 was a real novelty and strengthens the link with real meteorites. The exposed part of the dolerite is covered by a fusion crust consisting of silicate glass formed from the rock sample with an admixture of holder material (silica). Compositionally, the fusion crust varies from silica-rich areas (undissolved silica fibres of the holder material) to areas whose composition is “basaltic”. Likewise, the fusion crust on the exposed gneiss surface was formed from gneiss with an admixture of holder material. The corresponding composition of the fusion crust varies from silica-rich areas to areas with “gneiss” composition (main component potassium-rich feldspar). The sandstone sample was retrieved intact and did not develop a fusion crust. Thermal decomposition of the calcite matrix followed by disintegration and liberation of the silicate grains prevented the formation of a melt.

Furthermore, the non-exposed surface of all samples experienced strong thermal alterations. Hot gases released during ablation pervaded the empty space between sample and sample holder leading to intense local heating. The intense heating below the protective sample holder led to surface melting of the dolerite rock and to the formation of calcium-silicate rims on quartz grains in the sandstone sample.     

南丹大厂矿区人工爆破与天然地震的判定研究

利用南丹大厂矿区地震监测台网的数字波形记录资料,采用波形对比方法,分析大厂矿区人工爆破与天然地震波形特征。分析结果表明,爆破与地震在P波平均周期具有不同的特征,可为今后区分该大厂矿区爆破与天然地震提供判定判据。。     

爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动机制

岩体裂纹的水力劈裂是岩体开裂渗漏甚至施工涌水的重要影响因素之一,也是岩土工程界的研究热点。从断裂力学角度分析了爆破开挖对岩体含水裂纹扩展的扰动作用,结果表明,爆破开挖扰动下,岩体含水裂纹的扩展,与爆炸应力波强度及其入射角、地应力的大小与方向、孔隙水压大小、裂纹的倾角及断裂韧度等因素相关;爆炸应力波的作用,相当于增大了岩体裂纹中的孔隙水压力,每1 cm/s的峰值振动速度相当于增大100 kPa的孔隙水压力,爆破振动速度越大,所产生的爆破扰动荷载越大;岩体开挖引起的岩体裂纹近区地应力及其孔隙水压力的变化,对裂纹的失稳与扩展具有较复杂的影响,可改变裂纹的失稳扩展模式。     

深厚淤泥爆破挤淤堤坝沉降计算与分析

爆破挤淤技术在海洋围垦和潮汐电站等工程堤坝建设中发挥着重要作用,随着海洋工程的不断推进,堤坝修建需要处理淤泥(软基)厚度在逐渐加深,在超过12 m的深厚淤泥中往往采用“悬浮式”堤坝结构,对该种堤坝结构开展沉降计算与分析有着重要的意义和应用价值。以惠州港兴盛油库护岸工程为工程实例,分别采用传统沉降计算方法、基于多孔介质渗透理论的考虑浮力作用沉降计算方法及数值模拟方法,对其爆破挤淤形成的“悬浮式”堤坝开展沉降计算,并与实际监测结果对比验证,分析几种沉降计算方法的适用性和合理性。研究表明,传统沉降计算方法得到的沉降值比实际监测值明显偏大,不适合于“悬浮式”堤坝沉降计算;考虑浮力作用方法和数值模拟方法的计算结果较为接近实际监测值,可用于“悬浮式”堤坝沉降计算。