Impacts of artificially planted vegetation on the ecological restoration of movable sand dunes in the Mugetan Desert,northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

Controlling desertification is an important ecological target for the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China, where studies on impacts of vegetation restoration measures on sandy soil improvement are still lacking. The Mugetan Desert in Guinan County, Qinghai Province, northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a repre-sentative ecological restoration area. The impacts of artificial vegetation on the ecological restoration and its properties are studied by using field investigation and sample testing including contents of the surface layer and the vegetation composition of movable, semi-fixed, and fixed sand dunes. Results demonstrate that the moss crust has formed on the surface of a sand dune which has become fixed after 30 years under the impact of artificial vegetation (i.e. Cathay poplar). Meanwhile, the clay minerals, organic matter, and other soil available nutrients have markedly increased. A correlation has been found between these materials, i.e., clay minerals and organic matter content increasing with silt and clay increases with reduction in sand content. In addition, soil nutrient were positively correlated with the increase of plant diversity.Under the current meteorological conditions, the artificial vegetation is helpful for the stabili-zation of sand dune and the ecological restoration in the Mugetan Desert.     

On species distribution modelling,spatial scales and environmental flow assessment with Multi–Layer Perceptron Ensembles: A case study on the redfin barbel (Barbus haasi; Mertens, 1925)

Inconsistent performance of Species Distribution Models (SDMs), which may depend on several factors such as the initial conditions or the applied modelling technique, is one of the greatest challenges in ecological modelling. To overcome this problem, ensemble modelling combines the forecasts of several individual models. A commonly applied ensemble modelling technique is the Multi–Layer Perceptron (MLP) Ensemble, which was envisaged in the 1990s. However, despite its potential for ecological modelling, it has received little attention in the development of SDMs for freshwater fish. Although this approach originally included all the developed MLPs, Genetic Algorithms (GA) now allow selection of the optimal subset of MLPs and thus substantial improvement of model performance. In this study, MLP Ensembles were used to develop SDMs for the redfin barbel (Barbus haasi; Mertens, 1925) at two different spatial scales: the micro–scale and the meso–scale. Finally, the potential of the MLP Ensembles for environmental flow (e–flow) assessment was tested by linking model results to hydraulic simulation. MLP Ensembles with a candidate selection based on GA outperformed the optimal single MLP or the ensemble of the whole set of MLPs. The micro–scale model complemented previous studies, showing high suitability of relatively deep areas with coarse substrate and corroborating the need for cover and the rheophilic nature of the redfin barbel. The meso–scale model highlighted the advantages of using cross–scale variables, since elevation (a macro–scale variable) was selected in the optimal model. Although the meso–scale model also demonstrated that redfin barbel selects deep areas, it partially contradicted the micro–scale model because velocity had a clearer positive effect on habitat suitability and redfin barbel showed a preference for fine substrate in the meso–scale model. Although the meso–scale model suggested an overall higher habitat suitability of the test site, this did not result in a notable higher minimum environmental flow. Our results demonstrate that MLP Ensembles are a promising tool in the development of SDMs for freshwater fish species and proficient in e–flow assessment.     

人工载体理化性状对附着生物水质修复能力的影响

附着生物初级生产力、叶绿素a含量和碱性磷酸酶活性能够指示其对水质的净化能力.本实验选择了5种具有不同表面结构和理化特性的人工载体(载玻片、PVC片、软性载体、组合载体和立体载体),野外原位测定了不同人工载体上附着生物的初级生产力、叶绿素a含量及碱性磷酸酶活性.结果表明:人工载体的理化性状是影响其上附着生物群落稳定、生产力、叶绿素a含量和碱性磷酸酶活性的重要因素.在野外原位条件下,附着生物通常在8～10 d就可以达到最大附着量,此时,其初级生产力、叶绿素a含量和代谢活性等均处于最佳状态.在所选择的5种人工载体中,立体载体和软性载体上附着生物的初级生产力、叶绿素a含量及碱性磷酸酶活性均显著高于其他3种载体,其中立体载体上附着生物净初级生产力最高可达164.21 mgO2/(g.h),且与软性载体相比,立体载体价格相对经济,因此立体载体是一种比较理想的用于水质修复的人工载体.     

海南区域地震与爆破震源参数特征

收集2008年以来海南测震台网记录的M_L 2.5以上地震及爆破资料,利用Brune圆盘模型,计算得出震源参数,发现地震、爆破的震源参数特征为:地震的拐角频率绝大多数大于爆破;地震应力降大于1,爆破应力降小于1;地震震源尺度绝大多数小于爆破。对一个有感疑爆事件,利用其拐角频率、应力降、震源尺度等参数,判定该事件为天然地震,与前人研究结果一致。由此可见,利用震源参数在地震速报、日常分析中判定事件类型具有实际意义。     

人工蜂群算法优化SVR的叶面积指数反演

支持向量机回归SVR (Support Vector Regression)方法作为叶面积指数反演的一种新思路,在LAI反演中具有一定的应用价值和前景,但SVR算法中惩罚系数C、核函数宽度参数g、不敏感损失函数参数ε的取值对回归精度有显著的影响。本文提出了一种基于人工蜂群算法ABC (Artificial Bee Colony)优化SVR参数的遥感影像叶面积指数反演方法。研究数据为美国土壤水分实验（SMEX02） 2002年LAI实测数据和同期的Landsat 7ETM+地表反射率数据,为了验证ABC算法优化SVR各个参数对反演精度的影响,建立了未优化参数（SVR）、优化单个参数（ABC-SVR-C,ABC-SVR-g,ABC-SVR-ε）、优化3个参数（ABC-SVR）的3类LAI反演模型,并比较了其回归拟合精度。在此基础上,分析了3个关键参数对LAI反演模型精度的敏感性,并对ABC算法优化SVR模型的精度进行显著性检验。研究表明：（1）相比未优化参数模型,ABC算法优化模型具有更高的反演精度,优化3个参数优于优化单个参数,回归直线斜率k达到0.797、决定系数r2达到0.775。（...     

丹顶鹤越冬期在人工湿地的夜栖分布

在盐城国家级自然保护区人工湿地内,通过对丹顶鹤越冬期间夜栖地的调查,得出鹤群夜栖分布及其动态规律,并提出对该种群与夜栖地的管理措施。该项工作主要借助望远镜、GPS.照相机,采用直接计数法统计数量和利用文献资料数据。结果表明:人工湿地中丹顶鹤的夜栖分布随着环境的改变而改变,其中安全度和水位为其主要限制因子。因此控制人工湿地冬季水位,保护栖息环境不受人为影响是丹顶鹤安全越冬的主要保护措施。     

岩石时效损伤模型及其在工程爆破中应用

为了实现爆破智能化,降低爆破带来的负面影响,通过数值模拟预估出岩体中爆破诱发损伤的大小以及分布范围在工程上具有重要意义,其中科学合理的爆破损伤模型是关键。基于岩石介质是连续的、各向同性的、且存在初始裂纹的假设,把考虑时效的岩石拉裂损伤演化方程和双线形弹塑性本构结合起来,通过用户自定义简明地嵌入到大型LS-DYNA软件中,并引入了该软件中的侵蚀算法,对半无限岩体中临空面附近爆破漏斗问题进行了重点数值模拟,计算结果比较接近实际。本文方法在工程中将具有一定的参考价值。     

节理化工程岩体成型爆破技术研究

通过对光面爆破技术在节理化岩体中实施爆破方案的不足之处的分析,引入了双向聚能拉伸爆破技术,并简要分析和介绍了该技术的基本技术原理和优点以及两种爆破设计方案,同时对该技术在两个大型洞室工程中的高岩台应用情况进行了分析和介绍,最后就该技术的今后的研究方向提出了一些设想。     

Amelioration of marine farming impact on the benthic environment using artificial reefs as biofilters

An in situ monitoring of the sediment characteristics and macrobenthic communities was undertaken at a marine fish culture site in subtropical waters of Hong Kong before and after the deployment of biofilters which were made of cement concrete artificial reef (AR) structures. According to the distance to the boundary of the fish cages, 6 points were selected as sampling stations: 2 at the fish cages, 2 near the boundary of the fish culture area, and 2 reference sites further away from the culture area. Bimonthly sediment samples were collected for analysis of silt-clay fraction (SCF), moisture content (MC), total organic carbon (TOC), total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) and total phosphorus (TP). The macrobenthos (>0.5mm) present in the sediment were sorted, identified and enumerated. TOC, TKN and TP levels at the fish cage stations were consistently higher than those at the reference stations over the 1-year pre-AR and 2-year post-AR deployment monitoring period. The diversity of macrofauna was significantly reduced at the fish cage stations relative to the reference sites. The intermediary stations near the fish culture area showed a transitional state of disturbance. Over the 2-year post-AR deployment period, TOC, TKN and TP showed a decreasing trend at the fish cage and intermediary stations. More diverse macrofaunal communities were recorded at the fish cage stations, with species diversity H'increasing from 0-1 at the beginning of the AR deployment to H'>2 at the end of the study. The present results demonstrated that artificial reefs can improve the benthic abiotic environment and biotic conditions beneath fish rafts which are deteriorated due to farming activities.     

不同饵料及添加剂对中国对虾幼体的影响

在连续两年春季中国对虾育苗期间,采用几种不同的饵料－人工饵料为主、活饵料和两种强化饵料分别培育中国对虾幼体,以存活率、体长、体重、抗感染力的缺氧耐受力等指标检验育苗效果。结果表明,人工饵料为主的喂养方式各项指标均显著劣于活饵料;强化与未强化的活饵料效果相近;强化的人工饵料在体长和耐缺氧方面显著优于人工饵料,存活率略低于后者,增重和抗感染方面与后者相近。