大型开山爆破工程技术十年实践回顾

立足于长期从事大型开山爆破工程的实际,客观总结了十年来山体爆破实践的成功经验,试图推荐一些新的技术和方法,以期引起同行的关注,共同拓展爆破技术的空间.     

A decision support system for geotechnical applications

A knowledge-based system shell called ‘Confound’ has been developed for the production of decision support systems. It was initially used for developing a system for conceptual foundation design but has subsequently been used for retaining wall, expansive soil and ground investigation applications. It uses a hierarchical object-oriented knowledge base where each object represents a decision in the decision making process. A simple rule-based approach is used to provide advice on the suitability of each potential choice, based on project specific information that is provided by the user. Confound has the ability to work with incomplete information and uses a system of confidence levels so that the user is aware of the confidence with which each piece of advice is given. Conflicting information in areas where knowledge is poorly defined can also be handled. Confound is designed to leave the user in full control. It simply provides comments on suitability (with an indication of confidence) and leaves the final decision to the user.     

Sub-basalt imaging problems and the application of Artificial Neural Networks

In many areas of the world, the presence of shallow high velocity, highly heterogeneous layers complicate seismic imaging of deeper reflectors. Of particular economic interest are areas where potentially hydrocarbon-bearing strata are obscured by layers of basalt. Basalt layers are highly reflective and heterogeneous. Using reflection seismic, top basalt is typified by a high-amplitude, coherent reflector with poor resolution of reflectors below the basalt, and even bottom basalt. Here, we present a new approach to the imaging problem using the pattern recognition abilities of a back-propagation Artificial Neural Network (ANN). ANNs are computational systems that attempt to mimic natural biological neural networks. They have the ability to recognize patterns and develop their own generalizations about a given data set. Back-propagation neural networks are trained on data sets for which the solution is known and tested on the data that are not previously presented to the ANN in order to validate the network result. We show that Artificial Neural Networks, due to their pattern recognition capabilities, can invert the medium statistics based on the seismic character. We produce statistically defined models involving a basalt analogous layer, and calculate full wavefield finite difference synthetic seismograms. We vary basalt layer thickness and source frequency to generate a synthetic model that produces seismic that is similar to real sub-basalt seismic, i.e. high amplitude top basalt reflector and the absence of base basalt and sub-basalt events. Using synthetic shot gathers, generated in a synthetic representation of the sub-basalt case, we can invert the velocity medium standard deviation by using an ANN. By inverting the velocity medium standard deviation, we successfully identified the transition from basalt to sub-basalt on the synthetic shot gathers. We also show that ANNs are capable of identifying the basalt to sub-basalt transition in the presence of incoherent noise. This is important for any future applications of this technique to the real-world seismic data, as this data is never completely noise-free. There is always a certain level of residual (noise remaining after initial noise filtering) environmental/ambient noise present on the recorded seismics, hence, neural network training with noise-free synthetic seismic is less than optimal.     

火箭人工增雨和防雹雷达指挥系统

火箭人工增雨和防雹雷达指挥系统充分利用我省天气雷达监测网技术优势，根据雷达回波信息和GPS的精确定位能力，采用可视化编程软件，为作业人员编制了一套操作简便、可视化、交互式的决策指挥操作平台，为作业决策提供了科学、客观、快捷的依据，并直接对作业进行指挥，实现了作业指挥的科学自动化，从而改善我们的作业效果，提高人民影响天气决策指挥的科技水平和防灾减灾的服务能力。     

影响核岛新浇混凝土强度的爆破振动速度阈值研究

针对短龄期混凝土强度容易受到附近爆破振动的影响，进行了一系列有针对性的模型实验，以确定在建核岛新浇灌混凝土强度所能承受的最高爆破振动速度值。实测结果表明C25、C40混凝土在浇筑12h、3d、7d凝期时受到1cm/s、5cm/s振幅的爆破振动后，与未受振动的混凝土相比、其强度、钢筋握裹力都不会受到明显影响。由于核电建设安全性的特殊性要求，本文提出对于核岛新浇筑的混凝土，其爆破振动阈值控制在1cm/s以内时，其强度不会受到影响。     

人造地震动合成中的位移误差分析

三角函数级数法是合成人工地震动常用算法之一,但是通过对加速度积分求取位移时,却存在与零线漂移相类似的位移漂移现象。     

Design of a model blasting system to measure peak p-wave stress

Literature review information and model scale rock blasting tests have been utilized to study the effects of some blast and fragmentation parameters on peak p-wave stress. A method for modelling scaled blasting in sandstone blocks with dimensions 515×335×215 mm³ has been presented. The dynamic and static properties of the sandstone are given. The results from model blasting experiments instrumented with pressure gauges are discussed. It is also shown there exists a useful correlation between blast, fragmentation parameters and peak p-wave stress.     

水不耦合炮孔装药爆破冲击波的形成和传播

探讨了炮孔和装药间以水不耦合介质爆破时,在爆轰波压力和高压、高温爆生气体压力作用下,水中爆炸冲击波的形成和传播规律,求解了冲击波的初始参数和孔壁处冲击波参数,并应用弹性波动理论,提出了正入射情况下岩石内的初始冲击压力。     

长江太子矶航道整治工程水下控制爆破

简述了太子矶长江航道整治工程水下控制爆破施工情况和该地区爆破震动监测情况。振动监测表明,工程所设计的爆破方案,采用微差起爆系统对邻近的长江两岸防洪堤是安全的,为控制爆破参数和评价长江堤防的安全提供了科学依据。     

台阶压碴爆破效果遗传神经网络预测

应用遗传神经网络模型对台阶压碴爆破效果进行了预测,增强了预测结果的可靠性。遗传神经网络是人脑的模型,从爆破实例中获取经验知识,并应用专家知识对爆破效果进行预测,取得了符合实际的预测结果,从而,为选择爆破控制参数和取得良好的爆破效果提供了依据。