Chemical and isotopic methods for management of artificial recharge in Mazraha Station (Damascus Basin,Syria)

Artificially enhancing recharge rate into groundwater aquifer at specially designed facilities is an attractive option for increasing the storage capacity of potable water in arid and semi‐arid region such as Damascus basin (Syria). Two dug wells (I and II) for water injection and 24 wells for water extraction are available in Mazraha station for artificial recharge experiment. Chemical and stable isotopes (δ²H and δ¹⁸O) were used to evaluate artificial recharge efficiency. 400 to 500*10³ m³ of spring water were injected annually into the ambient shallow groundwater in Mazraha station, which is used later for drinking purpose. Ambient groundwater and injected spring water are calcium bicarbonate type with EC about 880 ± 60 μS/cm and 300 ± 50 μS/cm, respectively. The injected water is under saturated versus calcite and the ambient groundwater is over saturated, while the recovered water is near equilibrium. It was observed that the injection process formed a chemical dilution plume that improves the groundwater quality. Results demonstrate that the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer is estimated around 6.8*10^?4 m/s. The effective diameter of artificial recharge is limited to about 250 m from the injection wells. Mixing rate of 30% is required in order to reduce nitrate concentration below 50 mg/l which is considered the maximum concentration limit for potable water. Deuterium and oxygen‐18 relationship demonstrates that mixing line between injected water and ambient groundwater has a slope of 6.1. Oxygen‐18 and Cl^? plot indicates that groundwater salinity origin is from mixing process, and no dissolution and evaporation were observed. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the artificial recharge experiments to restore groundwater storage capacity and to improve the water quality. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987112000254

The applications of intelligent techniques have increased exponentially in recent days to study most of the non-linear parameters.In particular,the behavior of earth resembles the non-linearity applications.An efficient tool is needed for the interpretation of geophysical parameters to study the subsurface of the earth.Artificial Neural Networks(ANN) perform certain tasks if the structure of the network is modified accordingly for the purpose it has been used.The three most robust networks were taken and comparatively analyzed for their performance to choose the appropriate network.The single-layer feed-forward neural network with the back propagation algorithm is chosen as one of the well-suited networks after comparing the results.Initially,certain synthetic data sets of all three-layer curves have been taken for training the network,and the network is validated by the Held datasets collected from Tuticorin Coastal Region(78°7′30″E and 8°48′45″N),Tamil Nadu.India.The interpretation has been done successfully using the corresponding learning algorithm in the present study.With proper training of back propagation networks,it tends to give the resistivity and thickness of the subsurface layer model of the field resistivity data concerning the synthetic data trained earlier in the appropriate network.The network is trained with more Vertical Electrical Sounding(VES) data,and this trained network is demonstrated by the field data.Groundwater table depth also has been modeled.     

基于遗传神经网络的克钦湖叶绿素反演研究

叶绿素a浓度能够在一定程度上反映内陆湖泊水质情况。为实现对克钦湖水体叶绿素a浓度的监测,于2010年8月15日对克钦湖进行了现场光谱测量和同步采样。通过分析叶绿素a浓度和光谱数据之间的关系,建立基于反射比、人工神经网络和遗传神经网络的叶绿素a浓度估测模型。结果表明:利用R700nm/R670nm反射比建立的模型估测精度为R2=0.67;人工神经网络模型的估测精度较高,R2=0.882;将遗传算法引入神经网络之后,模型的估测精度进一步提高,R2达到0.956,将模型预测的结果与克里格内插法相结合对研究区的叶绿素a空间分布情况进行定量估测,发现北湖的叶绿素a浓度明显高于南湖,有由北向南逐渐递减的趋势,这为今后利用高光谱数据对克钦湖叶绿素a浓度大面积遥感反演提供了研究基础。     

基于PDCA循环的牛角山隧道光面爆破质量控制与技术改进

光面爆破质量直接关系到隧道施工的质量、安全及成本等,牛角山隧道凿岩爆破开挖施工过程中,采用PD—CA循环质量管理方法,根据TM隧道断面测量系统采集的断面超欠挖数据,进行现场检查、讨论分析,找出影响光面爆破质量的主要因素,通过制定有针对性的改进措施并监督执行,较好地提高了光面爆破效果,一次循环进尺平均光面爆破合格率达到95％,炮眼残留率达到85％,不仅保证了隧道施工质量,而且降低了施工成本,加快了施工进度,获得了良好的质量效果和经济效益。     

岩土爆破工程危险源辨识、风险评价和控制

简述了岩土爆破工程按《职业健康安全管理体系一规范》（GB／T28001）进行危险源辨识、风险评价和控制的方法,辨识重大危险源,对重大危险源进行控制,减少安全风险,提高安全运行绩效。     

Groundwater use and policy in community water supply in Finland

Selection between ground and surface water in community water supply has been one of the key strategic questions in Finland since the early 1900s. After some cities failed to find reliable groundwater sources, many turned to surface waters. Since the 1950s the use of groundwater and artificial recharged groundwater have continuously increased. Presently their use is promoted by the government and European water policy through technical advice and financial support. It is obvious that the share of groundwater and artificial recharged groundwater will increase in the future. This requires active public response and transparency in decision-making.

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Resumen Desde el principio de 1900 una de las preguntas estratégicas clave en Finlandia es la selección entre agua subterranea y de superficie para el suministro de agua de la comunidad. Muchas ciudades renunciaron al agua de superficie luego de haber fracesado en encontrar fuentes de agua subterránea confiables. Desde 1950 el uso de agua subterránea y de agua subterránea recargada artificialmente ha aumentado continuamente. Actualmente los políticas de agua del gobierno y de Europa promueven su uso por medio de asesoría técnica y apoyo financiero. Es obvio que la participación del agua subterránea y del agua subterránea recargada artificialmente va a aumentar en el futuro. Esto requiere una respuesta activa pública y transparencia en el proceso de toma de decisiones.

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Resumé Le choix parmi lutilisation de leau de surface ou de leau souterraine comme source dapprovisionnement en eau potable est, depuis le début des années 1900, une question stratégique en Finlande. Suite à léchec de certaines villes à sapprovisionner en eau souterraine, plusieurs se sont tournées vers leau de surface. Depuis les années 1950, lutilisation de leau souterraine et la recharge artificielle des aquifères est en constante croissance. Actuellement, leur utilisation est encouragée par le Gouvernement ainsi que par la politique européenne de leau qui fournit une expertise technique et un soutient financier. Il est évident que les proportions occupées par lapprovisionnement en eau souterraine et la recharge artificielle vont augmenter avec le temps. Ceci requiert une participation active du public ainsi que de la transparence lors du processus décisionnel.

     

Removing cosmic-ray hits from CCD images in real-time mode by means of an artificial neural network

A feed-forward artificial neural network has been implemented to the problem of removing cosmic-ray hits (CRH) from CCD images. The results of a number of tests demonstrate the effectiveness of this method especially for undersampled stellar profiles. The problem of optimal and low price preparing of training data, which could enable real-time or at least fast post-processing filtering out of CRH is discussed. The training and test ensembles were composed of a number of synthetic stellar profiles involving different S/N ratios and CRH images taken from real data. Certain aspects of the network’s architecture and its training efficiency for different modes of the back-propagation procedure as well as for the pre-process normalization of data have been examined. It is shown that for training set composed of stellar images and CRH at a ratio of 1:2 recognition can reach 99% in the case of stars and 96% for CRH. To determine the extent to which the cognition power of a network trained using an ensemble of circular symmetric stellar profiles of a given radius can be generalised the test data included stellar profiles of different radii, as well as elongated profiles. The goal was to mimic temporal changes in seeing as well as such problems as image defocusing, the lack of isoplanatism and improper sideral tracking of a telescope. The experiments provided us with the conclusion that for S/N > 10 excellent classification property is maintained in cases where the change in the radius of a circular profile is up to 30%, as well as for elongated profiles where the longest dimension is almost double that of the shortest one. Moreover, the generalization capability has been investigated for test images of synthetic pairs of overlapping stars with different distances between components. Almost 99% recognition efficiency was achieved even if the separation was nearly three times the radius of the stellar profile, a case when two stars could be analyzed by appropriate software as separate objects. The example of removal of CRH from real CCD images is presented to give an idea of how an algorithm based on a neural network can work in practice. The result of such an experiment appears fully consistent with the conclusions drawn from the tests made on synthetic data.     

一次冰雹过程的对流单体识别与防雹效果分析

利用2018年6月12—13日山东鲁西北地区一次冰雹过程的常规气象资料,分析了冰雹形成的天气形势和物理量指标条件以及防雹效果。结果表明：人工防雹作业前后雷达回波指标呈明显的下降趋势,其中VIL值、回波顶高指标变化分别平均下降49.9%、37.4%,冰雹概率由作业前99.3%下降到作业后的28.7%,回波强度、回波顶高、VIL值下降最大值分别为10 dBz、7 km、48 kg·m^-2。通过对比分析两个相似对流单体的发展演变,实施防雹作业的对流单体回波强度下降7 dBz、回波顶高下降3 km、VIL值下降11 kg·m^-2、冰雹概率出现剧烈波动,防雹作业后较作业前回波强度、回波顶高、冰雹概率下降速度明显加快,而没有实施防雹作业的对流单体雷达回波综合指标在编号期间变化幅度小,进一步证实了人工防雹作业有效。     

南宁机务段洗修库拆除爆破

文章介绍了南宁机务段洗修库采用一次性控制定向倒塌的拆除爆破设计及施工情况，着重论述了爆破方案的选择以及爆破高度、孔网参数、单孔装药量、炮眼布置、装药堵塞、起爆网路与起爆顺序、爆破安全距离等的设计，进而对此次爆破效果和体会进行总结和评价。     

后注浆刚性桩复合地基的工程实践

某高层建筑物原设计为人工挖孔扩底桩基础,施工过程中由于土层软弱以及地下水影响无法扩底成桩。本文介绍了对上述工程实施的大直径刚性桩复合地基设计方案,该方案利用后注浆技术提高了人工挖孔桩单桩承载力。基桩检测和建筑物沉降观测结果表明该工程地基处理方案是成功的。