新疆石河子农区土壤含盐量定量反演及其空间格局分析

盐渍化严重威胁着土地持续耕作和粮食生产安全,土壤含盐量的快速反演和及时监测,对新疆石河子农区农业可持续发展有着重大意义。以Landsat-8 OLI遥感影像与野外采样测定的72个样点土壤含盐量为数据基础,引入土壤亮度指数、土壤湿度指数、土壤盐盖度指数和土壤辐射水平指数等构建的特征遥感指数定量反演新疆石河子农垦区土壤含盐量,并对其空间布局进行了分析。研究表明：① 利用遥感影像像元特征遥感指数值反演地面对应土壤含盐量的精度较好,反演方法可行,反演精度为66%;② 反演得到土壤含盐量空间分布图在空间上等级明显,层次分明,呈现出“一带一区”的格局,“一带”是玛纳斯流域形成的盐渍化程度较高的条带,“一区”是内在土质形成的严重盐渍化区域;③ 在新疆石河子农区中,35.40%的棉田适合耕作,64.60%的棉田耕地需要进行改良,农区土壤盐渍化治理仍十分紧迫。     

TRANSPORT OF GRAVELS WITH DIFFERENT RANGES OF GRAIN SIZES IN A STEEP CHANNEL

An understanding of the transport mechanism of gravel-bed rivers is very important for the river management and engineering works. The main objective of this study was to conduct a series of laboratory experiment in a steep flume to investigate the particle segregation and the transport rate of nonuniform gravel. Median sizes of 15 mm and 7.5 mm, and gradation coefficients of 1.5 and 2.0 were selected for the particle size distributions of nonuniform gravel. In addition to the 36 sets of data collected in this study, 635 sets of existing data for gravel with both nonuniform and nearly uniform sizes were analyzed. According to the results of the sieve analysis and the related theory, hiding functions for both particle size distributions of this study were derived. An attempt was made to develop an Einstein-type transport relationship for nonuniform gravel using dimensionless parameters with mean size as a representative particle size. A modified Schoklitsch-type sediment transport equation with a critical unit flow discharge was also developed to reasonably predict the transport rate of gravels. In addition, an artificial neural network (ANN) model with a back-propagation network (BPN) algorithm was also applied in this study.     

Studies on Construction Pre-control of a Connection Aisle Between Two Neighbouring Tunnels in Shanghai by Means of 3D FEM,Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic

The ground freezing construction technique is one of the most effective and widely applied site construction methods in soft soil areas, like Shanghai. Some elevation-inclined refrigeration pipes are arranged for the artificial freezing excavation of the Pudong-side first-storey connection aisle, which is designed to connect two adjacent tunnel lanes of Shanghai East-Fuxing-Road tunnel project. No advanced research results could be found for computing the temperature field of tunnels and aisles frozen with inclined refrigeration pipes. Anyhow the computation of the relevant temperature field is of high importance for the safe and economical excavation of the above-mentioned aisle. In this paper, a method for computing the aisle temperature field using 3D FEM is given, and the computation accuracy is verified by contrasting the computed and site measured results. The back propagation neural networks are also applied to the temperature prediction using self-developed Neural Network-Expert System software, the predicted results are also very satisfactory. The mechanism during freezing and aisle excavation will be discussed on the basis of 3D FEM simulation. The authors believe that studying the parameter-sensitivity of temperature field is very important for the optimum selection of parameter values. So, in this paper, the parameter-sensitivity of temperature field is also discussed. In order to obtain the optimum frozen wall thickness, the relation between the frozen wall thickness and the initial freezing brine temperature is studied. At the end, an excavation pre-control plan is proposed by means of fuzzy logic theory for improving the excavation safety. The research result of the current paper is very helpful for projects that will be excavated by freezing construction technique.     

超深上仰孔卸压爆破集中煤柱工艺技术研究

为了防治浅埋近距离煤层群开采时下组煤采出上覆集中倾向煤柱易发生的动力压架灾害,在分析超深孔卸压松动爆破防灾原理基础上,提出了一种超深上仰孔卸压爆破集中煤柱技术,通过理论分析、地面传爆试验及井下工业性试验,解决完善了该技术的3大工艺技术难题：一是利用自主研发的装药装置,解决了超深(最深达110 m)上仰孔(仰角30°)安全快速安装炸药难题;二是根据钻孔爆破裂隙圈半径及煤柱塑性区宽度理论计算结果找到了最佳炮孔布设间距;三是利用地面传爆试验和C-S双液浆凝胶特性试验解决了超长装药段(最长达16 m)炸药安全传爆及炮孔堵塞难题,优化了起爆方法,消除了管道效应,核算了爆破振动安全允许距离,实现了安全、高效封孔。该工艺技术的成功应用表明其具有工程借鉴及推广应用意义。     

基于小波包变换的爆破震动信号能量分析方法

爆破震动效应测试和分析对于评估工程爆破安全和爆破效果非常重要,但对于采集到的爆破震动信号,在数据的处理和分析上还存在着诸多不足.在阐释小波变换基本原理的基础上,给出了爆破震动信号能量分析方法的理论解析,并结合应用实例,对爆破震动信号进行小波包能量分解.研究结果表明,基于小波包变换的能量分析方法可以较好地揭示信号在不同频带范围内的局部分布特征,从而为可靠地进行建(构)筑物爆破震动效应安全评估奠定理论基础.     

隧道围岩爆破损伤防护的霍普金森压杆试验

为减小爆破对隧道围岩的损伤,在传统光面爆破装药结构基础上,设计一种在炮孔一侧安放PVC-U材料来保护隧道围岩的装药结构,并分析了该方法的作用机制。为分析和验证PVC-U管对隧道围岩损伤的防护效果,利用Φ100 mm的霍普金森试验装置进行隧道围岩损伤防护试验,从试件宏观破坏、应力波衰减和能量变化3方面进行了分析。结果表明：防护材料改变了岩石的受力状态,当防护材料厚度从0增加到6.24 mm时,无防护材料的试件的破坏程度比有防护材料的试件严重,且随着防护材料厚度的增加破坏程度不断减小;试件的应力峰值呈不断降低趋势;应力峰值的降低率不断增加;耗散能与入射能比值从61.08%下降到39.97%。可见,防护材料对岩石冲击损伤具有一定防护作用。该方法在某巷道掘进中得到应用,并取得了良好效果。     

反映高程放大效应的爆破振动公式研究

在地形起伏较大的情况下,地形地貌对爆破振动波的传播具有较大的影响。通过分析与爆破振动有关的物理量,运用量纲分析法推导了反映高程放大效应的爆破振动公式。结合现场爆破振动监测,当爆破场地的地形地貌变化较大时,用传统的萨道夫斯基公式预测爆破振动速度误差较大,其平均误差达42%～59%,其他4个常用经验公式预测的平均误差,分别为24%～49%、40%～58%、58%～59%、31%～39%;而采用量纲分析法推导的公式预测爆破振动速度误差较小,其平均误差仅为10%～14%。研究结果表明,通过量纲分析法得到的爆破振动公式能较准确地反映正高程差放大效应。     

水库输水隧洞施工爆破振动对大坝安全影响监测及分析

阐述柏峰水库除险加固工程主坝输水隧洞施工爆破振动对大坝安全影响。选择有代表性的几个部位,采用原位质点振动速度测试的方法对整个施工期间爆破振动对大坝安全影响进行全过程监测与分析。对实测结果分析表明,爆破振动对大坝安全未产生明显的危害。监测成果可为工程爆破振动安全评价提供科学依据。     

深埋洞室开挖瞬态卸荷诱发振动的衰减规律

深埋洞室爆破开挖过程中围岩初始地应力的瞬态卸荷会诱发振动。针对圆形隧洞开挖,分析了地应力瞬态卸荷过程中围岩应变能、动能、径向应力做功3者之间的平衡机制,并采用量纲分析,建立了基于开挖岩体应变能的瞬态卸荷诱发振动衰减公式。结合锦屏二级引水隧洞和瀑布沟地下主厂房爆破开挖实例,开展了瞬态卸荷诱发振动的识别分离,并分析了诱发振动的衰减规律。研究表明：地应力瞬态卸荷诱发振动的峰值与被开挖岩体应变能密度的二次方根成正比,且开挖卸荷体积越大,诱发振动越强烈;与Lu-Hustrulid衰减公式相比,新衰减公式应用范围更广,使用精度更高。     

爆破地震效应主控因素分析及减震措施探讨

爆破地震动机制复杂,影响因素众多,为找出影响爆破地震效应的主控因素,引入灰色系统中灰色关联理论。通过实例分析,得到了影响爆破地震效应的主次关系,指出钻孔超深、孔网参数是影响爆破地震效应的主控因素,通过优化这些爆破参数是降低爆破地震效应最有效的方法。灰色关联分析方法计算简单、结果可靠、使用简便,在爆破工程中有一定的应用价值。