基于岩石爆破损伤理论的预裂爆破参数研究及应用

工程中预裂爆破参数确定方法通常为经验类比法。该方法以经验公式为基础,存在理论依据较为缺乏等缺点。为此,引入岩石爆破损伤、应力波和爆生气体共同作用等理论,在考虑岩石初始损伤等影响因素的基础上,提出预裂爆破参数计算式。基于提出的理论方法,在现场开展了预裂爆破试验。针对爆破试验,比较了采用经验类公式和提出的理论计算式得到的线装药密度,并对爆破效果进行了分析。试验结果表明,预裂爆破效果良好。考虑爆破损伤效应的爆破参数确定方法比经验类比法合理。最后,在提出的理论计算方法基础上,给出了实际工程中确定预裂爆破参数的建议。     

爆破荷载应力波在无限弹性介质中传播的特征线法解

双指数爆破荷载的应力时程关系是爆破工程的数值分析常用的动力输入。其在弹性岩石中传播衰减的特征线法解是工程爆破数值分析中弹性以及弹塑性分析的重要参照,也是动力学数值分析算法开发的重要高阶校准工具。应用统一弹性波的特征线法解求解源自圆形孔洞的双指数爆破荷载在理想介质中的传播。介绍了源自圆形孔洞的双指数爆破荷载在周围弹性介质传播过程中的径向应力、周向应力、位移以及速度波的特征线法解的具体过程,在MATLAB中进行了4种波的特征线法解的数值实施。对径向应力、周向应力、位移以及速度波的特征线法解的结果进行了多方面讨论。结果表明,特征线法是求解双曲型偏微分方程的一种有效方法,双指数爆破荷载在弹性岩石中传播衰减的特征线法解可为爆破工程数值分析以及动力学数值分析算法开发提供重要的支撑。     

高瓦斯低透气性煤体定向聚能爆破增透机制

针对传统煤层预裂爆破增透存在的问题,对定向聚能爆破控制裂纹演化方向的理论和方法进行研究,即通过聚能射流的初始导向裂纹与后续高压气体形成的气楔联合作用,达到控制裂纹演化方向和长度的目的。基于模型试验和数值模拟,探讨了定向聚能爆破聚能方向和非聚能方向裂纹演化的机制。在潘三矿掘进工作面现场运用定向聚能爆破技术,达到增加煤体裂纹与保护围岩稳定性有机的统一。试验结果表明：爆破后3 h内抽采瓦斯量变化最为明显,其中最大抽采量是原始抽采量的470倍。有效抽采半径为7 m以内,爆破后顶板振幅约为0.23 cm。     

露天矿高台阶爆破的数值分析

高台阶爆破可行性研究属于多因素影响、复杂的系统工程。针对高台阶爆破的研究现状,提出了从爆破机制角度证实高台阶爆破可行性的方法,基于数值模拟方法对台阶爆破过程进行分析。通过对比现行普通台阶爆破与高台阶爆破过程中台阶难爆部位（台阶底部与顶部）应力场变化趋势,发现采用高台阶爆破可以得到与普通台阶爆破相当或更好的爆破效果。从爆破机制角度证实,高台阶爆破技术在巴润铁矿具有可行性。数值分析结果表明,高台阶爆破时采用的最佳起爆方式为全药柱同时起爆方式,其次为中间起爆和两端起爆方式,不适宜采用孔底起爆方式。     

深部岩体应力瞬态释放激发微地震机制与识别

从能量释放的角度讨论了深部岩体开挖激发微地震的机制. 研究表明, 伴随着爆破破岩新自由面形成而发生的岩体弹性应变能释放属于瞬态过程, 高地应力条件下爆破开挖产生的微地震由爆炸荷载和初始地应力(开挖荷载)瞬态释放耦合作用引起. 地应力瞬态释放激发的微地震可成为周围岩体振动的主要组成部分, 这有赖于岩体自身的蓄能能力、岩体开挖方式及开挖面的大小. 通过瀑布沟地下厂房爆破开挖过程中实测围岩地震信号的时能密度和幅值谱分析, 对地应力瞬态释放激发的微地震进行了识别. 耦合地震信号的低频成分主要由初始地应力瞬态卸荷引起,而高频成分主要由爆炸荷载引起. 应用数字信号处理的FIR滤波方法对耦合振动信号进行了初步分离,数值计算验证了分离结果的可靠性.      

三江平原东方白鹳种群现状与人工招引研究

20世纪60年代,三江平原是东方白鹳的主要繁殖区,但由于湿地开发、人为干扰使得东方白鹳的繁殖地不断缩小,繁殖种群数量明显减少。2004-2007年通过在三江平原开展大规模的东方白鹳人工招引和保护的实施措施,东方白鹳的繁殖种群已经明显回升。但部分地区对东方白鹳的了解和保护程度还不够,今后应该加强对该物种的宣传、研究和保护工作。     

Replication of a terrain stability mapping using an Artificial Neural Network

Subjective geomorphic mapping is a method commonly used for landslide hazard zonation. This method relies heavily on the skills and experience of the mapper, and therefore, its major drawbacks are the high costs and lack of consistency between products generated by different terrain mappers. In this study a method for cost-effective and consistent replication of subjective geomorphic mappings is demonstrated, by using a type of Artificial Neural Network named Learning Vector Quantization. This paper presents a study conducted in the Canadian province of British Columbia employing a high-quality data set. By utilizing Learning Vector Quantization, stable and unstable terrains were delineated with a similarity of approximately 91%, compared to the mapping produced by terrain specialists. Also, in this process, slope, elevation, aspect, and existing geomorphic processes were identified as the terrain attributes that contributed most to the quality of the mapping.     

Effects of sample size on the accuracy of geomorphological models

Commonly, the most costly part of geomorphological distribution modelling studies is gathering the data. Thus, guidance for researchers concerning the quantity of field data needed would be extremely practical. This paper scrutinises the relationship between the sample size (the number of observations varied from 20 to 600) and the predictive ability of the generalized linear model (GLM), generalized additive model (GAM), generalized boosting method (GBM) and artificial neural network (ANN) in two data settings, i.e., independent and split-sample approaches. The study was performed using empirical data of periglacial processes from an area of 600 km² in northernmost Finland at grid resolutions of 1 ha (100 × 100 m) and 25 ha (500 × 500 m). A rather sharp increase in the predictive ability of the models was observed when the number of observations increased from 20 to 100, and the level of robust predictions was reached with 200 observations. The result indicates that no more than a few hundred observations are needed in geomorphological distribution modelling at a medium scale resolution (ca. 0.01–1 km²).     

控制论与人工影响天气 III: 自然控制论在人工增雨作业中的应用框架

应用自然控制论的理论方法,提出人工增雨作业和效果检验的框架.它将事前和作业进行过程中的观测和预报、调控方案(滚动式的和有反馈回路的)、作业和效果检验紧密联系成一个整体系统,将调控方案提为最优化问题,并把不断的观测资料同化到滚动式预报模式和求优化之中.所提出的一种效果检验方法是比较客观和定量的.     

Residency,site fidelity and habitat use of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) at an offshore wind farm using acoustic telemetry

Because offshore wind energy development is fast growing in Europe it is important to investigate the changes in the marine environment and how these may influence local biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. One of the species affected by these ecosystem changes is Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), a heavily exploited, commercially important fish species. In this research we investigated the residency, site fidelity and habitat use of Atlantic cod on a temporal scale at windmill artificial reefs in the Belgian part of the North Sea. Acoustic telemetry was used and the Vemco VR2W position system was deployed to quantify the movement behaviour. In total, 22 Atlantic cod were tagged and monitored for up to one year. Many fish were present near the artificial reefs during summer and autumn, and demonstrated strong residency and high individual detection rates. When present within the study area, Atlantic cod also showed distinct habitat selectivity. We identified aggregation near the artificial hard substrates of the wind turbines. In addition, a clear seasonal pattern in presence was observed. The high number of fish present in summer and autumn alternated with a period of very low densities during the winter period.