Trace Metals in Mosses in the Estonian Oil Shale Processing Region

Electric energy production and most heavy industry in Estonia are concentrated in the north-eastern part of the country. Thermoelectric power plants (total maximal capacity over 3 GW), cement and chemical industries are fueled by Kukersite oil shale, mined nearby. The mineral part of oil shale is rich in trace metals that can accumulate in the local ecosystem. Samples of epigeic mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens were taken in 1992, 1997 and 2002 from sites 1 km to 30 km from the main air pollution sources and analysed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V and Zn. For background data collection, analogous measurements within the national monitoring programme were used. Raster maps of concentrations were generated from the measurements, using the Kriging algorithm. These maps were compared with the model-estimated (AEROPOL model) maps of fly ash and cement dust deposit from the past. The concentration of trace metals in mosses is highly (Cr, Fe, Ni, V) or moderately (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) affected by the airborne emissions of the oil shale industry. During the past decade the uptake of the first group of elements in the industrial zone has decreased 3–4 times in proportion to emissions.     

Macrophytes and phytobenthos as indicators of ecological status in German lakes — a contribution to the implementation of the water framework directive

A new assessment system for macrophytes and phytobenthos in German lakes according to the Water Framework Directive of the European Community is described. Based on biological, chemical and hydromorphological data from about 100 lake sites covering the main ecoregions, hydromorphological lake types and degradation forms, biocoenotic types could be defined. For developing a classification system the quality element macrophytes and phytobenthos was divided into two components: macrophytes and benthic diatoms. For macrophytes 4 and for benthic diatoms 4 lake types were identified. The benthic vegetation at reference conditions is described and degradation is characterised as deviation in benthic vegetation species composition and abundance from the reference biocoenosis. For classification in five ecological status classes, several metrics were developed and used in combination with existing indices. For a few of the described lake types further investigations are necessary before a classification can be developed.     

胶州湾东岸娄山河李村河附近海域水质变化预测

利用二维有限元方法对胶州湾海域潮流场数值模拟正确的基础上,建立了胶州湾东岸娄山河、李村河附近海域水质预测模型,并利用该海域水质现状监测资料对预测模型进行了验证,然后根据娄山河污水处理厂一期和李村河污水处理厂二期201O年工程建成后的运行情况,预测了其附近海域的水质。预测结果表明,在污水处理厂正常运行情况下,COD大于3.0mg/L的海域面积约为0.26 km~2.无超四类海水水质标准的区域,其附近海域水质状况比现状有较大改善;但是在事故情况下,各河口附近海域水质变差,超四类最大面积分别达到0.84km~2和0.54km~2,比现状增加0.53km~2和0.23km~2。     

Sources and preservation of organic matter in Plum Island salt marsh sediments (MA, USA): long-chain n-alkanes and stable carbon isotope compositions

Elemental (TOC, TN, C/N) and stable carbon isotopic (δ¹³C) compositions and n-alkane (nC_16–38) concentrations were measured for Spartina alterniflora, a C₄ marsh grass, Typha latifolia, a C₃ marsh grass, and three sediment cores collected from middle and upper estuarine sites from the Plum Island salt marshes. Our results indicated that the organic matter preserved in the sediments was highly affected by the marsh plants that dominated the sampling sites. δ¹³C values of organic matter preserved in the upper fresh water site sediment were more negative (−23.0±0.3‰) as affected by the C₃ plants than the values of organic matter preserved in the sediments of middle (−18.9±0.8‰) and mud flat sites (−19.4±0.1‰) as influenced mainly by the C₄ marsh plants. The distribution of n-alkanes measured in all sediments showed similar patterns as those determined in the marsh grasses S. alterniflora and T. latifolia, and nC₂₁ to nC₃₃ long-chain n-alkanes were the major compounds determined in all sediment samples. The strong odd-to-even carbon numbered n-alkane predominance was found in all three sediments and nC₂₉ was the most abundant homologue in all samples measured. Both δ¹³C compositions of organic matter and n-alkane distributions in these sediments indicate that the marsh plants could contribute significant amount of organic matter preserved in Plum Island salt marsh sediments. This suggests that salt marshes play an important role in the cycling of nutrients and organic carbon in the estuary and adjacent coastal waters.     

大型海藻体内TN和TP含量及其对近海环境修复的意义

本文研究了广东省珠海桂山岛附近海域网箱养殖区生长的细基江蓠（Gracilaria tenuistipitata）、石莼（Ulva pertusa）、海带（Lamianaria japonica）、羽藻（Bryopisis plumosa）和草叶马尾藻（Sargassum graminifolium）5种典型大型海藻在不同月份体内总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）的含量，并分析了其对近海环境修复的意义。结果表明，这5种海藻2—5月份各自TN平均含量的变化范围为4．076％-5．460％（m／m，干重，下同），TP月平均含量的变化范围为0．285％-0．510％（m／m，干重，下同）。这5种海藻TN、TP含量随生长月份而变化，在生长旺盛月份，海藻体内TN、TP含量相对较高。对本次研究结果的分析表明，石莼、羽藻体内TN、TP含量较高，可作为近海富营养化水环境修复的优选海藻。     

Construction parameters of graded sand-gravel foundation on seismic response law of nuclear safety grade underground corridor

The treatment of soft soil foundation under nuclear safety grade corridors with graded sand and gravel materials has a good development prospect. It is of great engineering value to explore the influence of construction parameters of graded sand and gravel foundation on the seismic response of gallery structures. Taking the safety grade underground corridor of a nuclear power plant as the engineering background, the equivalent linear method is used to consider the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of graded sand and gravel. The energy transfer boundary is applied at the truncation boundary to simulate the dissipation effect of scattered wave fluctuation energy and the ground motion input. The thicknessless contact element is introduced to consider the contact effect between the corridor structure and the graded sand and gravel foundation, so as to establish the calculation model of the dynamic interaction between the graded sand and gravel foundation and the corridor structure. Furthermore, the influence of the relative compactness and the foundation treatment depth on the seismic response of the corridor structure is studied, and the calculation results of the acceleration response spectrum and relative displacement of the corridor structure are analyzed. The calculation results show that the two construction parameters have different degrees of influence on the seismic response of corridor structure. The research results can provide reference for the engineering design and construction of underground corridors, and provide technical support for the application of graded gravel materials in soft soil foundation treatment.     

甘肃省重要古植物化石产地区划及保护利用

古植物化石是地质历史时期各类植物实体或遗迹的残留。对古植物化石产地进行系统的调查和区划研究是开展古生物化石保护和利用工作的基础。在资料研究和实地调查的基础上,对甘肃省24处重要古植物化石产地进行了评价和区划研究。甘肃省古植物化石产地可划分为北山地区、祁连山——河西走廊地区、鄂尔多斯和秦岭地区4个古生物化石大区以及6个古植物化石产地集中区。根据古植物化石产地的科学价值和美学价值,具体从科学性、稀有性、完整性、保存程度、可保护性5个单因素分别对24处重要古植物化石产地进行了评价。在单因素评价基础上进行了综合鉴评,共鉴评出世界级化石产地1处,国家级化石产地7处,省级化石产地16处。根据产地自然区划、行政区划等要素划分了古植物化石产地集中保护区6个。根据保护区内古植物化石产地级别及重要程度,划分出特级保护区2个,重点保护区2个和一般保护区2个。提出对重要古植物化石产地实行化石标本保护加原产地保护的建议。     

14 种红树植物对动物病原菌的抑菌活性

采用带药培养基涂布法测定了14种红树植物甲醇提取物及从中分离获得的2种纯化合物对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)、绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)、伤寒沙门氏菌(Salmonella typhi)、痢疾志贺氏菌(Shigella dysenteriae)、普通变形杆菌(Proteus vulgaris)、金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)、藤黄微球菌(Micrococcus luteus)、溶壁微球菌(Micrococcus lysodeikticus)和蜡样芽胞杆菌(Bacillus cer-eus)9种动物病原菌的抑菌活性。结果表明,苦郎树(Clerodendrum inerme)、海漆(Excoecaria agallocha)、白骨壤(Avicennia marina)、苦槛蓝(Myoporum bontioides)、银叶树(Heritiera littoralis)和榄李(Lumnitzeraracemosa)有比较广谱的抗菌活性。苦槛蓝和海漆的抑菌活性较高,最低抑制浓度(Minimum inhibitoryconcentration,MIC)值分别为1～4 g/L和2～6 g/L。从苦郎树中分离获得的纯化合物KLS-46对伤寒沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、溶壁微球菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌的MIC值分别为0.1、0.05、0.1和0.05 g/L,对其余5种病原菌的MIC值均大于0.4 g/L。从病原菌对红树植物的敏感性看,藤黄微球菌和蜡样芽胞杆菌对红树植物比较敏感。     

Numerical Taxonomy and Bayes Discriminant Analysis on 42 Fossil Species in Dicksoniaceae from China

As the basal group of Polypodiales, the specific taxonomy of Dicksoniaceae is still being debated. As aquantitative analysis method, numerical taxonomy has been applied to the taxonomic study of many plant families andgenera in recent years due to its simplicity and high accuracy. However, the numerical analysis of the Dicksoniaceae fossilshas not been reported at present. In the present study, the pinnule morphological data of 42 Mesozoic fossil species of theDicksoniaceae were analyzed using cluster analysis, principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The resultsrevealed that 42 taxonomic units could be divided into six representative groups, which are consistent with the traditionaltaxonomy. After screening, an identification key on 28 fossil species of four genera with a definite taxonomic position wasestablished. According to the quantitative analysis, a Bayes discriminant model was established for the selected species.Lastly, the model was tested using the morphological data of the fossil pinnules in Dicksoniaceae from the YaojieFormation, suggesting that the discriminant model is accurate to a certain extent. As a result, the numerical taxonomy canbe applied to the classification of the Dicksoniaceae fossils.     

Knowledge of plant resource use based on location, gender and generation

The differences in knowledge of biological resource use between societal and demographic groups are often poorly understood; yet they are an important element of sustainability. Differences in gender and generational knowledge of locally useful woody plant species in South African savannas are examined. The results showed that young people and middle-aged females were highly knowledgeable. Over half of the total 267 woody plant species in nine use categories (i.e., medicinal, fruits–seeds, fuelwood, beverage, cultural, furniture, craft, fencing and housing poles) had multiple uses. Therefore, differences in knowledge of resource selection and use between social or demographic groups (for example based on gender and age) may appropriately inform conservation prioritisation, planning and monitoring.