Ethnobotanical study towards conservation of medicinal and aromatic plants in upper catchments of Dhauli Ganga in the central Himalaya

The present study broadly focused on medicinal plant species collected from wild by the villagers for different purposes in the upper catchment of Dhauli Ganga in Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve(NDBR),in the central Himalaya.A schedule based survey was conducted during the years 2003-2005 in 15 villages of Chamoli district part of the NDBR.Information was collected from collectors, vaidya(medicine man)and those dealing with domestication and marketing of the medicinal plants. The aim of the study was to understand the prioritiesed medicinal plants,their mode of collection and document their ethnobotanical uses by the Bhotiya tribal communities,in this world heritage site. During the survey,50 medicinal plants belonging to 31 families and 44 genera were documented.Out of these,70% were harvested from the wild,22% were cultivated and 8% were cultivated as well as wild harvested.Of the cultivated species,8% were found growing in the kitchen gardens and 14%in the agricultural fields.However,42%of the plants had their roots and rhizomes used followed by leaves (26%),seeds(10%),seed and leaf(8%),bark and whole plant(6%)and flower(1%).Most plants were reported to be used for rheumatism(16),followed by stomach disorder(14),cold and cough(11),and jaundice(9).Thirty three plants species were reported to have more than one therapeutic uses,while 17 species were reported to be used against single ailment.The distance of villages from road head was one of the factors contributing to the decline in the medicinal plant population in their natural habitats. The availability of medicinal plants increased with increase in distance from road head and also the peoples’dependence on them.Documentation of the traditional knowledge will help in conservation of knowledge and also opportunity for using it for future training and use.The result of this study will help in promoting sustainable cultivation and implementation in conservation protocol of those species,which are in the verge of extinction in this region.     

热平衡茎流仪测量精度及误差来源分析

目前国内借助热平衡技术开展荒漠植物蒸腾耗水的研究已十分普遍,但涉及测量精度与误差来源的分析研究鲜有报道.本文对茎干热平衡茎流仪监测植株茎流的基本原理进行了介绍,并在此基础上论述了茎干热平衡方法在实际应用中的测量精度及误差的主要来源,为使用热平衡茎流仪监测植物,尤其是荒漠植物提供参考.水分是干旱、半干旱区植物生长的主要限制因子.明确荒漠植物的需水与耗水规律可以为荒漠区生态环境建设过程中的植被种类选择、布局及管理提供科学依据.     

核电站地震监测系统及其开发进展

介绍核电站地震监测系统在核电站安全监测中的作用,并依据中国核电站地震监测系统所依从的标准,对其硬件、软件等进行设计。武汉地震科学仪器研究院有限公司据此进行样机制造,并成功应用于实践。结合当前核电的发展趋势,提出核电地震监测系统的发展要求。     

提高火电行业排放标准对中国经济和污染物排放的影响——基于环境CGE模型的测算

通过利用环境CGE模型测算实施《火电厂大气污染物排放标准GB 13223-2011》对中国宏观经济和污染物减排的短期影响。模拟结果显示,短期内,新标准对宏观经济的影响较小,GDP只下降了0.18%。从行业产出看,要素价格下降,使工业部门和出口导向型行业成本降低,产出扩张。此外,新标准对大气污染物减排的效果显著。由于脱硫脱硝装置的投入使用使末端废气去除率提高,进而导致煤炭燃烧排放量大幅下降,SO₂和NO_X的排放量分别下降22.8%和11.4%,绝对量分别减少560万t和148万t。     

Control of facies,maturation and primary migration on biomarkers in the Barnett Shale sequence in the Marathon 1 Mesquite well,Texas

A great deal is known about the genetic relationships between biomarkers and their biogenic precursors in organic rich rocks. The same is true of the way in which biomarker compound ratios change during maturation. On the other hand, very little is known about whether a crude oil can fully retain its inherent compositional ancestry during expulsion from a source rock. Thanks to shales being characterized in great detail for their unconventional resource potential, new information is gradually coming to light. Here we report on observations in biomarker geochemistry of a thermally mature core of the Barnett Shale, in which organofacies and maturity are essentially the same, but where intraformational sources and reservoirs have already been reported.Our results indicate that most biomarkers are not fractionated as the primary migration of petroleum within source rocks takes place. The 20S/(20S + 20R) ratio of C₂₇ steranes is uniform in the whole source-rock sequence, while the 20S/(20S + 20R) ratio of C₂₉ steranes shows indistinctly high values in the reservoir unit. The 20S/(20S + 20R) ratio of diasteranes and the 22S/(22S + 22R) ratio of C₃₁ 17α-hopanes do not appear to have been fractionated, which may be a result of the thermal isomerization reactions predominating over and masking out the possible fractionation effects. Diasteranes/steranes ratios do not exhibit features that suggest an association with fractionation, but rather are broadly correlated with lithology. However, compared to the diasteranes/steranes ratios, the Ts/(Ts + Tm) ratio is much more sensitive to changes in mineral compositions. Variations in the Ts/(Ts + Tm) ratio show a positive correlation (R² = 0.73) with mixed-layer illite-smectite content. Fractionation in the Ts/(Ts + Tm) ratio, if it has so occurred, may be subsequently overprinted by in-situ clay-catalyzed reactions.     

以剪切波速与地表峰值加速度为依据的地震液化确定性及概率判别法

剪切波速作为土性的基本参数,为评价土体抵抗地震液化的能力提供了一种方法。回顾了以剪切波速和地表峰值加速度为依据的场地地震液化判别方法的演化历史,依据他人收集的现场液化资料,合计49次地震、618例液化/不液化场地数据,提出了确定液化临界曲线的基本原则,给出了基于修正剪切波速与地表峰值加速度的液化临界曲线,验证了液化临界曲线的位置对细粒含量、有效上覆压力、震级等因素取值变化的合理性,分析了估计土层循环应力比CSR的剪应力折减系数、震级标定系数、有效上覆压力修正系数等因素的不确定性对液化临界曲线的敏感性。结果表明：液化临界曲线对各种影响因素具有很好的适用性。利用Monte Carlo模拟、加权最大似然法和加权经验概率法,给出了建议的液化临界曲线的名义抗液化安全系数与液化概率的经验关系式及概率等值线,并对核电厂Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类和Ⅲ类抗震物项地基,分别建议了相应的液化临界曲线。该方法以丰富的现场液化数据为依据,具有广泛的应用前景。     

古尔班通古特沙漠草本植物生物量分配特征

草本植物层片是古尔班通古特沙漠早春生产力的主要贡献者,为深入了解荒漠草本植物在群落水平上对荒漠环境的整体适应性,分析了沙漠中部1 hm2样地中草本植物层片地上与地下生物量分配关系,并验证了草本植物层片生物量与根冠比、物种丰富度以及植株密度之间的关系.结果 表明:(1)类短命植物囊果苔草(Carex physodes)是...     

Simulation experiments on the variation of leaf n-alkanes in aquatic environments

The leaves of six plant species and the corresponding leaf residues collected in water from the two-year simulation experiments were analyzed in nalkane distributions by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mas spectrometry (GC/MS). The leaf nalkanes keep unchanged in the dominant homologues when soaked in tap water for two years. The most significant change was observed in carbon preference index (CPI), with enhanced values being found in leaf residues collected from water. This is contradictory with the previous reports showing the lower CPI values during sinking and burial processes in natural aquatic environments. The elevated CPI values from leaf residues might be related to the low amount of microorganisms in the water used in the simulation experiment, and the enhanced solubility of even-carbon-numbered n-alkanes via van der Waals attraction. In contrast with herbaceous plants, the woody plants appear to show relatively great variations in both the CPI and the average chain length (ACL) values of n-alkanes after submerged in water for two years. Our data clearly show the differentiated decomposition between woody and herbaceous leaves, with the woody leaves suffered from much stronger decomposition. This observation suggests that in comparison with the grassland, the forest vegetation might result in relatively low authentic signals to be preserved in the n-alkane distributions in aquatic sediments.