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排序方式: 共有337条查询结果,搜索用时 31 毫秒
71.
中国的酸雨模拟及控制对策研究 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
本文以大气污染源、大气污染特征、降水化学特征和酸雨污染特征等方面论述了我国在气污染和酸雨污染属于“煤烟型”,并将我国的大气了环境状况与世界其它一些国家作了比较分析。进一步利用我们发展的南京大学酸沉降模式系统(NJUADMS)模拟了中国地区的SO2地面浓度和硫沉降分布,并与实际观测浆和亚洲酸雨模式(RAINS-ASLA)的计算结果作了比较。最后从能源结构和经济发展状况出发,论述了我国控制SO2污染和 相似文献
72.
A one-dimensional, time-dependent model of the physics and chemistry of a warm stratiform cloud is used to study the possible impact of chemical inhomogeneity among cloud and raindrops on the oxidation of SO2 in clouds. The effects of chemical inhomogeneity are examined using two contrasting models: In Model 1 a bulk-solution parameterization is adopted which effectively treats all cloud and raindrops as if they are chemically homogeneous; in Model 2 we allow the cloud and raindrops to have a dichotomous distribution. The dichotomous distribution in Model 2 is simulated by assuming that the two groups of cloud droplets nucleate from two chemically distinct populations of condensation nuclei; one being acidic and the other being alkaline. While the two models yield essentially identical results when the ambient levels of H2O2 are greater than the ambient levels of SO2, the rate of conversion of SO2 to sulfuric acid and the amount of sulfate removed in the precipitation can be significantly enhanced in Model 2 over that of Model 1 under conditions of oxidant limitation (i.e., H2O2 < SO2). This enhancement is critically dependent upon the fraction of alkaline nuclei assumed to be present in Model 2 and arises from the rapid increase in the aqueous-phase reaction between O3+SIV at high pH. Our results suggest that cloud models which adopt a bulk-solution parameterization for cloud droplet chemistry, may underestimate the amount of in-cloud SO2 oxidation under oxidant-limited conditions. 相似文献
73.
为揭示太湖流域降雨和湖水酸根阴离子长期变化特征及环境意义,通过历史数据收集和采样分析,对太湖流域降雨和湖水中的SO42-、NO3-变化特征和来源进行了研究.结果表明:自1990s以来太湖流域降雨中SO42-呈显著下降趋势,年平均下降率为0.28 mg/(L·a);NO3-浓度却呈显著上升趋势,年平均增长率为0.05 mg/(L·a),降雨中氮污染呈现加重的趋势.与之相反,湖水中SO42-呈显著上升趋势,年平均增长率为1.24 mg/(L·a);NO3-浓度却呈显著下降趋势,年平均下降率为0.02 mg/(L·a).30年以来,太湖水体SO42-/NO3-比值不断升高,远高于降水SO42-/NO3-比值.研究认为:流域SO2排放引起的酸沉降是湖水SO42-浓度增长的最重要原因,但氮氧化物排放并未引起湖水NO3-浓度升高,说明太湖流域对大气沉降的氮氧化物有滞留作用,而太湖水体是流域大气沉降硫酸盐的重要汇.综合治理太湖流域酸性物质排放对防止太湖水体酸化和治理富营养化都具有重要意义. 相似文献
74.
为探究青藏高原东南部大气中多环芳烃(Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons,简称PAHs)的污染、源及输送特征,利用鲁朗地区(29.77°N,94.73°E)总悬浮颗粒物(Total Suspended Particles,简称TSP)和大气中的14种PAHs含量,结合同期气象环境数据进行了综合分析。结果表明,该地区TSP中PAHs和气相的PAHs质量浓度变化范围分别为0.22~5.05 ng m-3和0.83~63.75 ng m-3,平均值分别为2.13 ng m-3和11.33 ng m-3。薪柴和柴油的燃烧是污染的主要方式,汽油燃烧等其他排放为次要方式。PAHs来自本地污染和远距离传输(Long Range Transmission,简称LRT)共同的影响。本地污染在四季各个源地均不相同。冬春季本地污染大,源在东南及正南方,夏秋季受本地和外来输送共同作用,本地源在东南方且占比小,LRT占比大。LRT受西北气流、西风气流和西南气流三支气流影响,污染严重时西南气流占主导... 相似文献
75.
This study was performed to investigate the operating status, evaluate the problems, and discuss possible improvement methods
of passive treatment systems for acid mine drainage (AMD) in South Korea. Thirty-five passive treatment systems in 29 mines
have been constructed from 1996 to 2002 using successive alkalinity producing systems (SAPS) as the main treatment process.
We investigated 29 systems (two for metal mines), 19 of which revealed various problems. Overflows of drainage from SAPS,
wetland, or oxidation ponds were caused by the flow rate exceeding the capacities of the facilities or by the reduced permeability
of the organic substance layer. Leakages occurred at various parts of the systems. In some cases, clogged and broken pipes
at the mouths of the mine adits made the whole system unusable. Some systems showed very low efficiencies without apparent
leakage or overflow. Even though the systems showed fairly good efficiencies in metal removal ratios (mainly iron) and pH
control; sulfate removal rates were very poor except in three systems, which may indicate very poor sulfate reductions with
sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) as a means. 相似文献
76.
Some problems associated with past mining at a mine in the Witbank coalfield, South Africa 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Mining in the Witbank Coalfield commenced at the turn of the century. Initially there was little environmental degradation
associated with mining activities; however, in the late 1930s and early 1940s a pillar-robbing programme commenced. At one
particular mine this has had marked effects on the environment. Primary effects include subsidence, the appearance of tension
cracks at the surface and crownhole development. Secondary effects include spontaneous combustion of the coal worked, as air
has been provided with ready access to the mine, accelerated subsidence due to the strength of many pillars being reduced
by burning, and a marked deterioration in groundwater quality in the area. Spoil heaps also form blemishes on the landscape.
These contain significant amounts of coal and have undergone spontaneous combustion. The deterioration in the water quality
has led to the decimation of vegetation in some areas and the eradication of aquatic flora and fauna in a nearby stream.
Received: 5 March 1997 · Accepted: 1 July 1997 相似文献
77.
现被广泛应用的测定高演化碳酸盐岩成熟度指标的多项有机岩石学评价方法,各有其不同的局限性,应用效果并不理想。研究发现,可利用芳烃演化新参数来代替其它失效的分子参数来评价碳酸盐岩有机质。芳烃因其结构、组成的特殊性和稳定性,在高演化阶段与油气生成及煤源岩成熟度有着良好的相关性,具有成为高演化碳酸盐岩成熟度指标的基础。从生产实践的角度看,芳烃演化参数有特殊适用性及选取的可行性。 相似文献
78.
Mobilization Potential of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds (HOCs) in Contaminated Soils and Waste Materials. Part I: Mobilization Potential of PCBs, PAHs, and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Solubilizing Substances When using an elution procedure for organic pollutants to estimate the leaching behaviour of contamined soils and waste deposits, the influence of organic matter in solids and eluates adequately has to be considered. In batch tests with a solid/liquid ratio of 1:10, various aqueous solutions were composed, the solubilizing effect of which can be attributed to ubiquitous natural compounds (e. g., phospholipids, humic and carbonic acids). These solutions were evaluated in regard to the mobilization of PAHs, PCBs, and aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil and waste samples. The results were compared with batch tests containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the properties and applications of which are selected and optimized in order to simulate the chemical interactions between pollutant and solubilizing substances of natural sources. Under alkaline conditions, the part of eluated pollutants was high because of the release of humic substances indigenous to the sample. Low concentrations of phospholipids and humic acid could decrease the mobility of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The extend of HOC mobilization is affected by specific interdependences between solubilizing substances and reactive matter of the samples. For most samples, 5.0 g/L concentrated SDS solution was able to simulate the most effective natural solutizer potential in regard to the mobilization of PAHs, PCBs, and aliphatic hydrocarbons within the system of batch tests. Whereas elution with pure water caused significant deviations in pollutant composition and too low yields, the use of SDS effected à good conformity. Modified in such a manner, the elution procedure can follow DIN 38414 part 4, when loss of pollutants will be minimized; e. g., centrifugation is needed to separate phases. 相似文献
79.
Howard A. Bridgman 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1991,12(4):299-317
The pH and the concentrations of sulfate, nitrate, ammonia, and calcium in rainwater were measured for two periods of a single midwest rainstorm which occurred over a mesometeorological network in central Illinois on 24–25 July 1979. Regression analysis was used to compare ion concentrations with rainfall amount, and ion balance was used to compare cation and anion concentrations at individual sites. Only the ions SO4
2- and NO3
- show any significant relationship to rainfall amount, decreasing as rainwater amounts increase (r=–0.57 and –0.60, respectively). During the first period of the rainstorm, a sequential sampler measurements allowed the calculation of detailed temporal variations in SO4
2-, pH, and rain rate. SO4
2- decreased, and pH increased as the rate increased and the opposite temporal pattern occurred as the rain decreased at the end of the period. Reasons for these variations are discussed.Research done while a visiting scientist at the Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, Illinois, U.S.A. 相似文献
80.