乌伦古湖水生植被研究

于1987年7月和1989年7,8月对乌伦古湖水生植被及其生态环境作了调查。结果表明,水位回升扭转了水生植被的退缩趋势,新生滩地上次生植物群落的形成使得Ⅳ区以北的水生植被总面积由1985年的813ha增加到1989年的4365ha,总储量由7700t增加到41750t。芦苇占现有植被区面积的81％。和总储量的68％。现有水生植被正处在迅速演变之中,随着植被的发育,植被总面积将会减小到3500ha左右,但总储量将会逐年增加。植被现有生产力约58955t,对渔业和环境十分重要,应加强对其开发利用。     

Early postglacial history of the southeastern Assiniboine Delta,glacial Lake Agassiz basin

New stratigraphic evidence from the Rossendale area, Manitoba, Canada, provides insight into the early postglacial evolution of the southeastern Assiniboine Delta. In this region, much of the upper 13+ m of sediment accumulation is characterized by multiple cycles of sandy rhythmites interbedded with massive to laminated silt. These sediments were deposited rapidly by traction or turbidity currents and record the construction of the Assiniboine fan-delta during the deep-water Lockhart Phase of glacial Lake Agassiz (>10.8 ¹⁴C ka BP). Shortly before ∼10 ¹⁴C ka BP, fluvial incision into deltaic deposits occurred locally at the Rossendale Gully site in response to the regression of glacial Lake Agassiz during the Moorhead Phase. Plant macrofossils deposited in the gully by 10 ¹⁴C ka BP provide the first information on early postglacial plant colonization of the distal Assiniboine delta. These data suggest initial establishment of Scorpidium scorpioides, Potamogeton spp., Scirpus spp., and other wetland plants, followed by colonization of uplands by a Picea-Populus assemblage. Importantly, because the gully is located in a protected depression behind the Campbell beach, evidence of water table rise from aquatic macrophytes suggests that glacial Lake Agassiz transgressed to the Campbell level during the early Emerson Phase (∼10 ¹⁴C ka BP). Furthermore, no evidence exists for a post-Lockhart rise in Lake Agassiz above the Upper Campbell beach. If Agassiz stood at the Campbell level during the early Emerson Phase, then drainage through the southern outlet may have been possible at this time. This scenario, if true, may suggest that the northwestern outlet was temporarily closed by a glacial advance shortly before 10 ¹⁴C ka BP. This is the first in a series of ten papers published in this special issue of Journal of Paleolimnology. These papers were presented at the 47th Annual Meeting of the International Association for Great Lakes Research (2004), held at the University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. P.F. Karrow and C.F.M. Lewis were guest editors of this special issue     

石油开发污染物毒性监测的实验生物筛选Ⅰ:钻井泥浆对水生动物的毒性比较

用静水式试验方法评价和比较了两种钻井泥浆的水可溶部份对斑节对虾仔虾、罗氏沼虾仔虾、虾虎鱼和剑尾鱼等4种水生动物的急性毒性。结果表明：泥浆水溶性成分对班节对虾仔虾、罗氏沼虾仔虾、虾虎鱼和剑尾鱼的半数致死浓度均明显大于10000mg／L（1％）,但斑节对虾仔虾对泥浆水可溶性成份的敏感性高于其余3种动物,适于钻井泥浆毒性试验。可以认为在试验条件下两种泥浆是无急性毒性的物质,但由于泥浆组成的复杂性,综合评价泥浆对水环境的影响时,需探讨其对底栖生物的影响。     

Effects on bedload transport of experimental removal of woody debris from a forest gravel-bed stream

Experimental removal of woody debris from a small, gravel-bed stream in a forested area resulted in a four-fold increase in bedload transport at bankfull discharge. This was caused by increased transportability of sediment previously stored upslope of debris buttresses or in low-energy hydraulic environments related to debris. Bank erosion delivered additional sediment to the channel, and transport energy was increased by an inferred increase in the component of total boundary shear stress affecting grains on the bed. Increased transport following debris removal in May 1987 continued throughout the entire autumn storm season through late November 1987, indicating persistent adjustment of the stream bed and banks despite marked response to earlier flows as large as bankfull. Stream bed adjustments included development of a semi-regular sequence of alternate bars and pools, many of which were spaced independently of former pool locations.     

An introduction to the application and future use of Th in aquatic systems

²³⁴Th is an extremely useful radiotracer of particle dynamics in aquatic systems. Its utility, however, has yet to be realized by many within the aquatic science community. The reasons for this may in part be due to a lack of knowledge of how this nuclide has been used in the past as well as how and where ²³⁴Th might be profitably applied in future research. The purpose of this paper, then, is to examine the variety of ²³⁴Th applications that have been used to understand natural aquatic processes in four major areas: vertical transport, particle cycling, horizontal transport, and sediment dynamics. We provide a general overview of the possible applications of ²³⁴Th in the hopes of provoking an increased interest in the inherent potential and future application of ²³⁴Th in these systems. We end this paper with a discussion of future research avenues in the context of three specific regimes: (i) the upper 1000 m of the open ocean, (ii) coastal sediment/water processes and (iii) large freshwater lakes.     

Phytoplankton geographic spatialization in two ponds in Limousin (France)

Phytoplankton distribution was not homogeneous among Limousin ponds and within each pond, as shown by chlorophyll a and diatoms in two representative eutrophic ponds. On a small cartographic scale, differences depended on geographic location and water temperature. Spring bloom occurred with a time-lag of several weeks in the highland pond. On a large-scale geographic distribution depended on hydroclimatic factors, especially wind direction and inflow of the rivers. The high concentrations of chlorophyll a near the dam of the water bodies roughly coincided with the maximum fetch and the direction of the dominant winds during the investigations. In both ponds the heaviest algae seemed not to be influenced by wind currents and the greater number of diatoms upstream in the highland pond was probably due to inflow of silica from the river. Phytoplankton mapping is more explanatory and rigorous than Secchi disk transparency mapping, it is useful to the regional authorities for zoning activities: bathing should be avoided in bays and along longitudinal shores, fishing location may be less restrictive. In plateau regions in general phytoplankton is not randomly distributed and spatial heterogeneity of ponds is not only vertical but also horizontal. Deep and embanked ponds are complex organisms analogous to great lakes for some features and to shallow water bodies for other ones.     

Large and growing environmental reservoirs of Deca-BDE present an emerging health risk for fish and marine mammals

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been the subject of intense scientific and regulatory scrutiny during recent years. Of the three commercial forms (Penta, Octa and Deca) of PBDEs that have been widely used as flame retardants in textiles, furniture upholstery, plastics, and electronics, only Deca-BDE remains on the general market in North America, while a recent ruling of the European Court spells an impending end to its use in Europe. We review here highlights of aquatic research documenting the rapid emergence of PBDEs as a high priority environmental concern in Canada. PBDEs are being introduced in large quantities to the aquatic environment through sewage discharge and atmospheric deposition. In certain environmental compartments, the single congener BDE-209, the main ingredient in the Deca-BDE formulation, has surpassed the legacy PCBs and DDT as the top contaminant by concentration. Limited biomagnification of BDE-209 in aquatic food webs reflects its high log K_ow and preferential partitioning into the particle phase. As a result, large environmental reservoirs of BDE-209 are being created in sediments, and these may present a long-term threat to biota: BDE-209 breaks down into more persistent, more bioaccumulative, more toxic, and more mobile PBDE congeners in the environment.     

Habitat suitability modelling as a mapping tool for macrobenthic communities: An example from the Belgian part of the North Sea

Being ecologically important and well-known, the spatial distribution pattern of the macrobenthos is often used to support an ecologically sustainable marine management. Though in many cases the macrobenthic spatial distribution is relatively well-known, this information is merely restricted to point observations at the sampling stations: although being increasingly demanded, full coverage spatial distribution maps are generally lacking. This study therefore aimed at demonstrating the usefulness of habitat suitability modelling as a full coverage mapping tool with high relevance for marine management through (1) the construction of a habitat suitability model for the soft sediment macrobenthic communities in the Belgian part of the North Sea (BPNS) and (2) predicting the full coverage spatial distribution of macrobenthic communities within the BPNS. The BPNS was selected as a case study area because of the high data availability on both macrobenthos and environmental characteristics. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) objectively selected median grain size and sediment mud content and omitted bathymetry, slope and distance to the coast to represent the most important environmental variables determining the macrobenthic community distribution. The consequent crossvalidated, empirical habitat suitability model, using both median grain size and mud content, showed an a posteriori average correctly classified instances (CCI) of 79% (community-dependent CCI ranging from 72% to 86%) and a Cohen's kappa of 0.71, pointing towards a very good agreement between model predictions and observations. The application of the habitat suitability model on the full coverage maps of median grain size and sediment mud content, taken from literature, allowed to reliably assess the distribution of the macrobenthic communities within 96.3% of the 53,297 BPNS grid cells with a resolution of 250 m. Next to its applicability to the BPNS, the model is further anticipated to potentially perform well in the full Southern Bight of the North Sea: testing is advised here. Since the habitat suitability is considered far more stable through time compared to the permanently fluctuating macrobenthic communities, information on the habitat suitability of an area is considered highly important for a scientifically sound marine management.     

SEDIMENT RETENTION AND WATER QUALITY ENHANCEMENT IN DISTURBED WATERSHEDS

lPRoBLEMSTATEMENTANDOVERVIEWQualitywateriswithoutdoubtalimitingsubstance,notonlyforhumansbutforalllife.Yet,ashumanpopulation,activity,andpollutioncontinuetoincrease,naturalsourcesofreadilyuseablewateraredecliningatanalarmingfate.Humanscurrentlydiveftorregulatemorethanhalfofgloballyavailablefreshwaterrunofffortheirownpurposes(Posteletal.,l996),includingtheuseoflargedamsordiversionsonriversandthewidespreadcreationofotherartificialcatchments.Additionally,groundwatersourcesarebecomingin…