Waves impinging on rubble mound breakwaters and seawalls induce a mean flow within the breakwater, analogous to the so-called undertow within the surf zone. Here, using a plane wave approximation (kh<1.5), a second-order problem is solved for an idealized breakwater with a rectangular cross-section to show the origin and the nature of the mean flow within the porous structure. The mean flow is expressed in terms of a mean stream function analytically derived, obtained based on the mass flux balance between the incident, reflected and transmitted waves. Furthermore, the evolution of other second-order magnitudes such as mean water level and mass flux is analyzed under different incident wave conditions, structure geometry and porous material characteristics. Results show that the evolution of the different mean quantities is controlled mainly by reflection and consequently depends highly on structure geometry and porous material characteristics. Furthermore, it is shown that the return flow is stronger with increasing mass flux decay. Some qualitative experiments to show the described mechanism are also presented. 相似文献
The Mauritius Radio Telescope (MRT) is a Fourier synthesis, non-coplanar T array. The primary objective of the telescope is
to survey the southern sky at 151.5 MHz in the declination range -70° to -10°. Due to non-coplanarity, wide-field imaging and deconvolution of wide field images made using MRT are challenging problems
in applications of radio interferometric techniques. This paper discusses the usefulness and limitations of the tangent plane
approximation in transforming the measured visibilities to wide field images and in estimating the point spread function (PSF)
required for the deconvolution.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
Numerical simulation experiments have been carried out to evaluate the relative performance of three approximate formulations owing to Amini and Trifunac,[1] Gupta and Trifunac[2] and Basu et al.[3] for probability distributions of ordered peaks in stationary stochastic processes. The first two formulations are based on the assumption that the unordered peaks are statistically independent; whereas the formulation of Basu et al.[3] considers the dependence via Markov transition probability. In the formulation of Gupta and Trifunac,[2] the probability distribution of nth order peak is inherently conditioned by the fact that at most (n−1) peaks can occur with higher amplitudes and, thus, the ordered peaks are necessarily dependent. In this paper, ensembles of stationary time-histories are generated for three PSDFs representing a narrow-band, a broad-band and a band-limited white noise type of processes. Comparison of the results for the expected value and standard deviation for various orders of peaks, obtained by averaging over these ensembles, with the corresponding results obtained from the above mentioned three approximations, defined in terms of the moments of the PSDFs, has shown that the formulation of Gupta and Trifunac[2] describes the data well. 相似文献
Orogens oblique to the direction of plate convergence are currently attributed to obliquity between the margins of one or both of the sutured continents to their direction convergence. We use a single analogue experiment and natural examples to illustrate a potential additional factor: variations in strength of the indented continent at a high angle to the convergence direction. The wavelengths of structures in laterally shortened lithosphere depend on the strength of the most competent layers. Lateral variations in crustal thickness must therefore lead to structures oblique to any applied lateral compression.
An analogue experiment was performed to explore this phenomenon. A two-layer ‘indented continent’ was modelled by a brittle upper crust of sand above a lower crust of high-viscosity polymer floating on a single layer of low-viscosity syrup representing the mantle. The well-known strike-slip structures allowing lateral escape to distant weak boundaries were hindered by lateral boundaries in front of the indenter. This allowed us to focus on the effects of a thickness change built into the ‘indented continent’ along a zone parallel to the direction in which a vertical rigid wall advancing at a steady rate represented the indenter. Vertical escape led to an ‘orogenic belt’ oblique to the advancing wall; this obliquity influences subsequent lateral escape. Model scaling and interpretations are based on Extended Thin Sheet Approximation (ETSA) and standard theories of faulting.
Four sectors of the Alpine–Himalayan orogen (Iran, Tunisia, the Eastern Alps and the Himalaya) are oblique to the continental convergence direction, and we point to thickness changes at high angles to the suture that may account for this geometry. As crustal thicknesses north of oblique sectors of the Himalayas are not yet known, we speculate on them.
We infer from the main difference between our experiment and all our examples chosen from nature that vertical orogenic escape was oblique to our model suture but can be parallel to natural sutures. 相似文献
A multiresolution-like algorithm for piecewise conformal mapping is presented. The algorithm is based on partitioning the complex plane into convex polygons, defining appropriate window functions for these polygons, and finding a conformal mapping for each polygon. The window functions are used to glue the pieces together into a single mapping. An application of this algorithm to determine a transformation from the Estonian coordinate system of L-EST92 into the respective system L-EST97, is presentedAcknowledgments.This work has been supported by Estonian Science Foundation grant nr. 5037. The author also thanks the Estonian Land Board, especially U. Mets and L. Tamme for their help in preparing the data, and the reviewers for valuable suggestions. 相似文献