Evaluation of the real-time TRMM-based multi-satellite precipitation analysis for an operational flood prediction system in Nzoia Basin,Lake Victoria,Africa

Many researchers seek to take advantage of the recently available and virtually uninterrupted supply of satellite-based rainfall information as an alternative and supplement to the ground-based observations in order to implement a cost-effective flood prediction in many under-gauged regions around the world. Recently, NASA Applied Science Program has partnered with USAID and African-RCMRD to implement an operational water-hazard warning system, SERVIR-Africa. The ultimate goal of the project is to build up disaster management capacity in East Africa by providing local governmental officials and international aid organizations a practical decision-support tool in order to better assess emerging flood impacts and to quantify spatial extent of flood risk, as well as to respond to such flood emergencies more expediently. The objective of this article is to evaluate the applicability of integrating NASA’s standard satellite precipitation product with a flood prediction model for disaster management in Nzoia, sub-basin of Lake Victoria, Africa. This research first evaluated the TMPA real-time rainfall data against gauged rainfall data from the year 2002 through 2006. Then, the gridded Xinanjiang Model was calibrated to Nzoia basin for period of 1985–2006. Benchmark streamflow simulations were produced with the calibrated hydrological model using the rain gauge and observed streamflow data. Afterward, continuous discharge predictions forced by TMPA 3B42RT real-time data from 2002 through 2006 were simulated, and acceptable results were obtained in comparison with the benchmark performance according to the designated statistic indices such as bias ratio (20%) and NSCE (0.67). Moreover, it is identified that the flood prediction results were improved with systematically bias-corrected TMPA rainfall data with less bias (3.6%) and higher NSCE (0.71). Although the results justify to suggest to us that TMPA real-time data can be acceptably used to drive hydrological models for flood prediction purpose in Nzoia basin, continuous progress in space-borne rainfall estimation technology toward higher accuracy and higher spatial resolution is highly appreciated. Finally, it is also highly recommended that to increase flood forecasting lead time, more reliable and more accurate short- or medium-range quantitative precipitation forecasts is a must.     

南京河西地区地面沉降成因分析

为了查明南京河西地区地面沉降的成因,笔者等在系统研究水文地质与工程地质条件的基础上,研究了地面沉降的分布特征和发展规律,以及地面沉降与地下水位、软土分布及建筑荷载之间的关系,进而揭示了南京河西地区地面沉降的成因。研究结果表明：南京河西地区不开采地下水,地面沉降与软土层厚度和建筑荷载分布关系密切,地面沉降主要受建筑工程影响,即建筑荷载和深基坑降水的作用。     

Three dimensional numerical simulation of residential building on shrink–swell soils in response to climatic conditions

Shrink–swell soils can cause distresses in buildings, and every year, the economic loss associated with this problem is huge. This paper presents a comprehensive system for simulating the soil–foundation–building system and its response to daily weather conditions. Weather data include rainfall, solar radiation, air temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed, all of which are readily available from a local weather station or the Internet. These data are used to determine simulation flux boundary conditions. Different methods are proposed to simulate different boundary conditions: bare soil, trees, and vegetation. A coupled hydro‐mechanical stress analysis is used to simulate the volume change of shrink–swell soils due to both mechanical stress and water content variations. Coupled hydro‐mechanical stress‐jointed elements are used to simulate the interaction between the soil and the slab, and general shell elements are used to simulate structural behavior. All the models are combined into one finite element program to predict the entire system's behavior. This paper first described the theory for the simulations. A site in Arlington, Texas, is then selected to demonstrate the application of the proposed system. Simulation results are shown, and a comparison between measured and predicted movements for four footings in Arlington, Texas, over a 2‐year period is presented. Finally, a three‐dimensional simulation is made for a virtual residential building on shrink–swell soils to identify the influence of various factors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

浅议建筑边坡工程技术规范中的若干规定

现行《建筑边坡工程技术规范》存在着一些争议。规范中规定适用范围可为岩石基坑,但很多条款是针对边坡工程的,对基坑工程不适用,建议适用范围不要扩大到基坑;规定临时性边坡使用年限为2年,已不满足工程建设要求,建议提高为5年;几个术语定义不准确,宜重新定义;适用边坡高度及边坡安全等级已不满足工程建设要求,建议适当调整;滑塌区范围估算公式意义不大且有缺陷,建议取消;对坡率法适用范围限制过于严格,建议放宽;查坡率表设计法已过时,建议取消;规定锚杆基本试验时可将锚固段长度减短,但这样得到的极限粘结强度值偏高,将导致工程设计不安全,不能减短;锚杆验收试验标准不明确且应用困难,建议按相关原则重新编写等等。这些意见供规范修编时参考。     

煤矿区地质灾害对新农村建设的影响

河南省煤炭资源丰富,分布于六大煤矿区,主要煤矿119个。煤矿区地质灾害主要有地面塌陷、地裂缝、崩塌、滑坡、不稳定斜坡等。各类灾害造成居民住房、学校、道路、水利、电力等设施和土地资源的破坏。煤矿区地质灾害已成为阻碍农村经济持续发展的重要因素。在论述煤矿区地质灾害对新农村建设影响的基础上,初步制定地质灾害防治措施,提出煤矿塌陷区新农村建设中村庄选址对策。     

宝鸡石油机械厂34#高层住宅楼工程降水方案设计

根据拟建场地的地层结构及地下水条件,结合周边环境和基坑支护、降水要求,确定合理的降水模型及基本设计计算参数,进行降水井设计计算。本设计采用管井方案,设计中最重要的是确定管井数量,先预设一个滤水管进水部分长度,计算出管井数量,然后进行反算、验算,遵循技术可行、节约费用的原则,最终确定出合理的井点数量。降水井投入使用后,基坑内侧的少量渗水,运用集水明排的方法排泄,取得了良好的效果。管井与集水明排相结合进行降水的方法在宝鸡市区得到了广泛应用。     

建场测深法在新疆布尔津盆地油铀勘探中的应用

为明确位于新疆北部的布尔津盆地的资源状况,以实际采集数据为基础,采用建场测深法成果剖面研究了该盆地的地层地质结构,并对深层油气及浅部砂岩型铀矿进行评价。通过利用已知测井电阻率曲线模拟计算不同深度的电磁信号频率响应,论证了该方法探测从浅层第三系到深部石炭系的采集参数和工作方案;在数据处理成果的基础上,结合研究区已知地层物性特征,推断沿线的地质结构,揭示了布尔津凹陷的结构及下二叠统卡拉岗组、上石炭统哈尔加乌组、上石炭统恰其海组地层的分布,认为哈尔加乌组是本区有潜力的烃源岩。同时利用电阻率及双频相位属性对研究区浅部第三系砂岩型铀成矿条件进行分析,其结果与附近已知矿点情况吻合。本文提出的方法可为类似地区进行多种矿产资源勘探提供技术参考。     

从台湾“9·21”大地震看平潭房屋建设的弊端

本文分析了平潭房屋建设在抗震性能方面存在的主要问题。     

建筑边坡岩体分类及其应用合理性研究

当前的建筑边坡岩体分类不含外倾软弱结构面控制的边坡和倾倒崩塌型破坏的边坡,把岩体完整程度、结构面结合程度、结构面产状、岩石坚硬程度和地下水发育程度作为分类因素。对这种分类及其应用存在的问题进行了分析。研究表明,这个分类在分类规律、分类对象、分类因素等方面均不合理,也没有实际意义,已有的关于岩体性状的通用分类和专用于边坡的单因素分类对于边坡工程已经够用。提出了取消专用于边坡的岩体综合分类的建议。