渝怀铁路圆梁山隧道桐麻岭背斜东翼岩溶涌水突泥灾害与整治方案比选

圆梁山隧道是在建铁路重庆至怀化线的关键性控制工程,隧道全长11.068km,最大埋深约780m。隧道施工穿越桐麻岭背斜东翼时,遇到了水平循环带岩溶强烈发育地段,该地段岩溶十分发育,且连通性好;加之数次强降雨,DK361 764、DK360 873等段多次突发大规模的涌水突泥砂、块石灾害,造成部分施工机具掩埋损毁,施工掘进严重受阻,蒙受巨大的经济损失,初步分析认为涌水突泥与地下暗河或岩溶泉群的主管道网络发生较为密切的联系,可以直接接受大气降水补给。为了确保隧道施工和运营安全,针对背斜东翼段岩溶发育情况、涌水突泥特征及其降雨影响程度,进行了泄水洞排水、平导排水、封堵和堵排结合4个整治方案比选,最终采用了泄水洞方案;2003年5～9月雨季,背斜地区多次普降(特)大暴雨,DK361 764、DK360 873等地段又再次突发大规模的涌突水(泥、砂、块石),都通过兴修的泄水洞排泄掉了,隧道及其村砌结构安然无恙,表明采用泄水洞方案整治背斜东翼段的岩溶涌水突泥灾害是正确的选择。     

霍尔果斯活动构造的断裂扩展褶皱作用

作者在论述霍尔果斯活动构造地表特征的基础上,进一步讨论了霍尔果斯活动逆断裂的扩展和背斜褶皱的发育过程。断裂扩展褶皱作用以后断裂构造活动演化为背斜后翼向上分叉的数条南倾的叠瓦状逆断裂,地壳总缩短量在5km以上,缩短率大于5mm/a。     

基于地震背景噪声的四川威远地区浅层速度结构成像研究

地震S波速度是防震减灾中场地分类、强地面震动模拟建模等的重要参数.地震背景噪声成像方法可以重建地下浅层三维结构以及探测浅层速度结构变化,为页岩气开采提供参考,有效规避地震灾害风险.本文收集了2015年11月至2016年2月间四川威远地区50个流动台站记录到的垂直分量连续波形记录,利用波形互相关提取2~6 s的基阶Rayleigh波经验格林函数,采用一维地壳结构模型拟合相速度频散曲线,获得了该区域近地表5 km以内的三维S波速度模型.结果表明,威远地区深度2 km以内的S波速度为2.0~2.7 km·s^-1;2.0~5.0 km深度的S波速度横向分布不均匀,西北地区大于2.7 km·s^-1,东南地区在2.3~2.8 km·s^-1之间,分别与背斜构造和较厚的盆地沉积层相对应.3个剖面图均表明S波速度随着深度的增加而逐渐增大,并且在台站S29附近的页岩气田钻井底部与2016年1月7日四川威远M_L3.9地震震源位置较为接近,均处于松散的沉积盖层与较为坚硬的花岗岩基底的分界处,推测它们之间可能存在一定的联系.     

褶皱构造对岩溶泉发育的控制作用——以贵州威宁地区为例

在威宁水文地质调查中,笔者等发现这一地区向斜和背斜转折端有岩溶泉的发育,其走向与褶皱轴线走向一致,对上述现象做了一些探讨和研究。研究结果显示,在构造应力场作用下,岩层变形逐渐加大,继而形成构造形迹褶皱构造,在其轴部局部应力场作用下,在褶皱转折端产生放射状张裂隙,该类张性裂隙有利于地下水的赋存、径流和岩溶发育。     

New insights into the structure and evolution of the Isle of Wight Monocline

High quality seismic reflection data acquired during hydrocarbon exploration activities provide evidence for the subsurface structure and evolution of one of England's most well known structures at outcrop: the Isle of Wight Monocline. It is generally seen as a major northerly verging monoclinal structure linked to the Purbeck Monocline to the west. The Isle of Wight Monocline is the result of the interplay between two inverted east-west trending, southerly dipping and overlapping down-to-the-south major syndepositional normal faults that were active during Triassic and Jurassic times: the Needles and Sandown faults. The area between the two faults tips forms an easterly-dipping relay ramp, down which sequences of all ages thicken. Both of these major normal faults were inverted during Cenozoic (Miocene: Alpine) compressional events, folding the overlying post-rift sequences of early Cretaceous to early Cenozoic (Palaeogene) age. Interpretation of the seismic reflection data suggest that previously unknown high angle, down-to-the-north reverse faults cut the northern limbs of both anticlines forming the composite monocline and are likely to come to crop in the steeply-dipping Chalk and/or the drift-covered Cenozoic sequences. Their identification marked a period of discussions and testing of the model by detailed field mapping. The existence and location of such faulting was proved through an iterative process with the result that a reverse fault zone is now mapped along the northern limb of the northern Sandown Anticline section of the Monocline. The main reverse faults on the Brighstone and Sandown anticlines result in up to circa 550 m of displacement at top Chalk level. It is thought that a series of smaller footwall short-cut faults affect the Cenozoic strata to the north of the main reverse fault, producing up-faulted sections of flatter-lying Cenozoic strata. Reverse displacements and the severity of folding on the inverted faults decreases on each fault segment in a complementary fashion in the area of the relay ramp as one fault takes up the movement at the expense of the other. The swing in strike of the Chalk in the area of shallowly dipping strata between Calbourne and Garstons is a result of deformation of the post-rift sequences across the relay ramp established between the overlapping fault tips of the Needles and Sandown faults and the interaction of the folds developed at the tips of the reverse faults.     

试论吉拉沟的构造成因

从吉拉沟的形态、第四纪沉积物特征、人工地震剖面、电磁场特征及探槽揭露等认为：吉拉沟在深部对应于一基底隆起，该隆起被海西期断裂所限制。这些断裂在印支早期便停止了活动。在区域南北向应力场及差异压实作用下，基底隆起形成潜山型内核。其上覆中－新生界盖层形成披覆型背斜，在背斜顶部产生一系列平行于轴向的纵张裂隙。在内外营力的共同作用下，这些纵张裂隙不断发展贯通，并演变成规模巨大、近东西走向的吉拉沟。     

中东扎格罗斯盆地:沿走向变化的构造及油气特征

扎格罗斯盆地是全球富含油气的前陆盆地,沿走向不同构造段的油气储量规模差别巨大,各段构造特征及其对油气富集和主控因素的认识是海外超前选区选带的重要基础。本文综合分析沿盆地走向(NW-SE向)的土耳其迪亚巴克尔段、伊拉克基尔库克段以及伊朗洛雷斯坦段、胡齐斯坦段和法尔斯段等5段的构造特征、油气成藏特征及其主控因素。结果表明:扎格罗斯盆地沿走向各段油气2P可采储量差异明显,胡齐斯坦段和基尔库克段储量规模最大,且以新近系储层为主;扎格罗斯造山作用形成一系列背斜构造、不同时期形成的蒸发盐岩盖层影响盆地各段油气聚集差异;中新世以来,随着阿拉伯板块与欧亚板块的持续碰撞,扎格罗斯盆地发生了大规模的挤压褶皱作用,下白垩统油气沿裂缝向上运移至渐新统-中新统优质储层中;基尔库克段和胡齐斯坦段新生界沉积物厚度较大,渐新统-中新统蒸发岩为优质的区域性盖层,对新生界油气的保存起重要作用;法尔斯段构造变形较为强烈,三叠系之上的上侏罗统、中新统蒸发岩受不同程度的破坏,油气主要分布于下三叠统-上二叠统碳酸盐岩。通过本研究将对中东扎格罗斯盆地的新项目评价具有一定的指导意义。     

桂阳县弧形逆冲断裂带的特征及形成机制探讨

通过对桂阳县弧形逆冲断裂带的构造形态、构造岩和显微变形特征以及构造活动强度分析,认为该断裂带是地表陡倾、整体西翘东伏、由东向西冲断推覆带。是印支期东西向侧向挤压和燕山期南北向反钟向扭动两次大的构造力作用的结果。其形成主要是从褶皱到断层的逐步形成的过程。在其弧形弯转地段成矿最为有利,并有进一步扩大成矿远景的可能,也可为湘南地区类似的构造部门寻找新的矿产地提供借鉴。     

Climatic versus halokinetic control on sedimentation in a dryland fluvial succession

Fluvial systems and their preserved stratigraphic expression as the fill of evolving basins are controlled by multiple factors, which can vary both spatially and temporally, including prevailing climate, sediment provenance, localized changes in the rates of creation and infill of accommodation in response to subsidence, and diversion by surface topographic features. In basins that develop in response to halokinesis, mobilized salt tends to be displaced by sediment loading to create a series of rapidly subsiding mini‐basins, each separated by growing salt walls. The style and pattern of fluvial sedimentation governs the rate at which accommodation becomes filled, whereas the rate of growth of basin‐bounding salt walls governs whether an emergent surface topography will develop that has the potential to divert and modify fluvial drainage pathways and thereby dictate the resultant fluvial stratigraphic architecture. Discerning the relative roles played by halokinesis and other factors, such as climate‐driven variations in the rate and style of sediment supply, is far from straightforward. Diverse stratigraphic architectures present in temporally equivalent, neighbouring salt‐walled mini‐basins demonstrate the effectiveness of topographically elevated salt walls as agents that partition and guide fluvial pathways, and thereby control the loci of accumulation of fluvial successions in evolving mini‐basins: drainage pathways can be focused into a single mini‐basin to preserve a sand‐prone fill style, whilst leaving adjoining basins relatively sand‐starved. By contrast, over the evolutionary history of a suite of salt‐walled mini‐basins, region‐wide changes in fluvial style can be shown to have been driven by changes in palaeoclimate and sediment‐delivery style. The Triassic Moenkopi Formation of the south‐western USA represents the preserved expression of a dryland fluvial system that accumulated across a broad, low‐relief alluvial plain, in a regressive continental to paralic setting. Within south‐eastern Utah, the Moenkopi Formation accumulated in a series of actively subsiding salt‐walled mini‐basins, ongoing evolution of which exerted a significant control on the style of drainage and resultant pattern of stratigraphic accumulation. Drainage pathways developed axial (parallel) to salt walls, resulting in compartmentalized accumulation of strata whereby neighbouring mini‐basins record significant variations in sedimentary style at the same stratigraphic level. Despite the complexities created by halokinetic controls, the signature of climate‐driven sediment delivery can be deciphered from the preserved succession by comparison with the stratigraphic expression of part of the system that accumulated beyond the influence of halokinesis, and this approach can be used to demonstrate regional variations in climate‐controlled styles of sediment delivery.     

云南东川白锡腊铜矿倒转背斜控矿意义

倒转背斜控制矿体在空间的分布。南东翼为典型的东川式层状铜矿体,核部为中老龙层状角砾岩型铜矿体,推测北西翼亦为东川式层状铜矿体。根据背斜两翼对应关系,认为背斜北西翼（正常翼）具有较好的找矿前景。