地理信息系统在南极考察和研究中的应用

GIS在南极的应用包括空间数据采集和管理、测绘和制图、科学研究、环境保护、后勤管理和决策等各个方面。 SCAR的大地测量和地理信息工作组 (WG- GGI)每两年推出一批 GIS方面的国际合作项目 ,其中南极数字数据库 (ADD)、南极地理数据集成 (AGDI)、乔治王岛 GIS(KGIS)、空间数据标准等 GIS项目已取得显著成果 ,在南极研究领域产生了广泛的影响。本文介绍了国际上在南极开展的大量 GIS应用研究 ,为我国今后在该领域开展工作提供了参考与借鉴     

我国回收的南极陨石分类研究综述

到目前为止,我国南极科学考察队共回收到32块陨石样品,其中二辉橄榄岩质火星陨石及钙长辉长无球粒陨石各1块,未分群的铁陨石1块,其余29块均为普通球粒陨石,在普通球粒陨石中有6块是稀少的低铁群非平衡的陨石,表明在回收的陨石中特殊的和稀少的陨石类型占有较高的比例。在综述国外不同南极陨石类型的划分及其频率的基础上,对我国南极和非南极球粒陨石类型进行了初步对比研究,讨论了一些人们所关注的问题,包括陨石富集区、可能发现新的陨石类型、不同球粒陨石群性质与距日心距离的关系及早期太阳星云的连续化学分馏作用等。     

南极GRV 98002(L5)和GRV 98004(H5)普通球粒陨石的热变质作用

对我国首次发现的两个南极陨石(GRV 98002,GRV 98004)进行较深入的岩石矿物学研究,证实已有对GRV 98002(L5)和GRV 98004(H5)的化学-岩石类型划分,但GRV 98004的热变质强度相对GRV 98002较弱。根据二辉石温度计,分别计算了两个陨石的热变质温度;根据Fe-Ni合金的组成环带特征,计算并讨论了两个陨石在各自小行星母体中的冷却速率,其中GRV 98002的冷却速率落在L群范围,但GRV 98004具有明显偏低的冷却速率。     

Spatial / Temporal Features of Antarctic Climate Change

Bused on January 1962-October 1993 mean value series of monthly mean temperature anomalies of 16 Antarctic stations on 10 standard isobanc surfaces from the surface to the 30 hPa,long term trends and periodic features of climate changes from the troposphere to the lower stratosphere over the Antarctic region are investigated by maximum entropy power spectrum analysis,and the relation between climate change of the stratosphere (troposphere) and tolal ozone (southern 500 hPa circulation) is discussed.     

菲尔德斯形变监测网质量分析

从数理统计角度出发，对西南极菲尔德斯形变监测网进行综合质量评估。文中主要讨论了形变监测网粗差检验，形变监测网的可靠性及可监测性。同时结合菲尔德斯形变监测网实测数据进行分析。本文认为该形变监测网有利于监测菲尔德斯海峡断层的剪切运动。     

南极磷虾对南极海水中痕量金属的富集率

本工作据1987年3月我国第三次南极考察采集的样品,测定了南极磷虾及其所在海域海水中Pb,Cu,Cd,Zn,Fe和Mn等痕量金属含量,计算出南极磷虾对各重金属的富集系数。     

A deep cyclonic gyre in the Australian–Antarctic Basin

The traditional image of ocean circulation between Australia and Antarctica is of a dominant belt of eastward flow, the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, with comparatively weak adjacent westward flows that provide anticyclonic circulation north and cyclonic circulation south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. This image mostly follows from geostrophic estimates from hydrography using a bottom level of no motion for the eastward flow regime which typically yield transports near 170 Sv. Net eastward transport of about 145 Sv for this region results from subtracting those westward flows. This estimate is compatible with the canonical 134 Sv through Drake Passage with augmentation from Indonesian Throughflow (around 10 Sv).A new image is developed from World Ocean Circulation Hydrographic Program sections I8S and I9S. These provide two quasi-meridional crossings of the South Australian Basin and the Australian–Antarctic Basin, with full hydrography and two independent direct-velocity measurements (shipboard and lowered acoustic Doppler current profilers). These velocity measurements indicate that the belt of eastward flow is much stronger, 271 ± 49 Sv, than previously estimated because of the presence of eastward barotropic flow. Substantial recirculations exist adjacent to the Antarctic Circumpolar Current: to the north a 38 ± 30 Sv anticyclonic gyre and to the south a 76 ± 26 Sv cyclonic gyre. The net flow between Australia and Antarctica is estimated as 157 ± 58 Sv, which falls within the expected net transport of 145 Sv.The 38 Sv anticyclonic gyre in the South Australian Basin involves the westward Flinders Current along southern Australia and a substantial 33 Sv Subantarctic Zone recirculation to its south. The cyclonic gyre in the Australian–Antarctic Basin has a substantial 76 Sv westward flow over the continental slope of Antarctica, and 48 ± 6 Sv northward-flowing western boundary current along the Kerguelen Plateau near 57°S. The cyclonic gyre only partially closes within the Australian–Antarctic Basin. It is estimated that 45 Sv bridges westward to the Weddell Gyre through the southern Princess Elizabeth Trough and returns through the northern Princess Elizabeth Trough and the Fawn Trough – where a substantial eastward 38 Sv current is hypothesized. There is evidence that the cyclonic gyre also projects eastward past the Balleny Islands to the Ross Gyre in the South Pacific.The western boundary current along Kerguelen Plateau collides with the Antarctic Circumpolar Current that enters the Australian–Antarctic Basin through the Kerguelen–St. Paul Island Passage, forming an energetic Crozet–Kerguelen Confluence. Strongest filaments in the meandering Crozet-Kerguelen Confluence reach 100 Sv. Dense water in the western boundary current intrudes beneath the densest water of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current; they intensely mix diapycnally to produce a high potential vorticity signal that extends eastward along the southern flank of the Southeast Indian Ridge. Dense water penetrates through the Ridge into the South Australian Basin. Two escape pathways are indicated, the Australian–Antarctic Discordance Zone near 125°E and the Geelvinck Fracture Zone near 85°E. Ultimately, the bottom water delivered to the South Australian Basin passes north to the Perth Basin west of Australia and east to the Tasman Basin.     

中国第九次南极考察航线海洋气象保障考察报告

本文通过对第九次南极考察“极地”船航渡期间，气象保障工作的总结，用天气学方法分析了航线上的天气系统及其特点，重点分析了南半球，南极地区的天气系统－绕极气旋和南极大陆冷高压对航线的影响，希望对今后南极考察航线预报有所帮助。     

X-射线荧光光谱法定量分析海山富钴结壳中MnO2与MnO的含量之比值

通过普通X-射线荧光光谱仪,结合PeakFit谱峰处理软件,对不同比例的MnO和MnO₂的混合样品的K_β谱峰参数进行了研究,用数学方法将实测的谱峰分解为各个单一的谱峰参数(峰位、峰高、半高宽、子峰面积),找出了各个谱峰参数与不同价态锰的含量之间的关系,并据此确定了中太平洋海山区大量富钴结壳样品中不同价态锰的相对含量.分析结果显示,富钴结壳中+4价锰从核心向外有增高的趋势,可以认为这与该区第三纪以来南极底流活动的增强有关.     

Biological components of Ross Sea short-term particle fluxes in the austral summer of 1995–1996

The Ross Sea, a region of high seasonal production in the Southern Ocean, is characterized by blooms of the haptophyte Phaeocystis antarctica and of diatoms. The different morphology, structural composition and consumption of these two phytoplankton by grazing zooplankton may result in different carbon cycling dynamics and carbon flux from the euphotic zone. We sampled short-term (2 days) particle flux at 5 sites from 177.6°W to 165°E along a transect at 76.5°S with traps placed below the euphotic zone at 200 m during December 1995–January 1996. We estimated carbon flux of as many eucaryotic organisms and fecal pellets as possible using microscopy for counts and measurements and applying volume:carbon conversions from the literature. Eucaryotic organisms contributed about 20–40% of the total organic carbon flux in both the central Ross Sea polynya and in the western polynya, and groups of organisms differed in contribution to the carbon flux at the different sites. Algal carbon flux ranged from 4.5 to 21.1 mg C m⁻² day⁻¹ and consisted primarily of P. antarctica (cell plus mucus) and diatom carbon at all sites. Different diatom species dominated the diatom flux at different sites. Carbon fluxes of small pennate diatoms may have been enhanced by scavenging, by sinking senescent P. antarctica colonies. Heterotrophic carbon flux ranged from 9.2 to 37.6 mg C m⁻² day⁻¹ and was dominated by athecate heterotrophic dinoflagellate carbon in general and by carbon flux of a particular large athecate dinoflagellate at two sites. Fecal pellet carbon flux ranged from 4.6 to 54.5 mg C m⁻² day⁻¹ and was dominated by carbon from ovoid/angular pellets at most sites. Analysis of fecal pellet contents suggested that large protozoans identified by light microscopy contributed to ovoid/angular fecal pellet fluxes. Carbon flux as a percentage of daily primary production was lowest at sites where P. antarctica predominated in the water column and was highest at sites where fecal pellet flux was highest. This indicates the importance of grazers in carbon export.