滇西南地区M≥5级地震活动特征及预报方案

通过对滇西南地区Ｍ≥５级地震前地震、前兆和环境因子变化特征的分析,发现滇西南中强震前小震频度增加、出现窗口信号地震,前兆异常数量多,气压涨落突出等特征,并以此为依据建立了滇西南地区Ｍ≥５级地震的预报方案。     

新沂台前兆异常与射阳4.4级地震的关系及其预测、跟踪分析的研究

本文总结了射阳M_S 4.4地震前新沂台地电阻率、短水准资料的变化,认为:①在震前,新沂台地电阻率、短水准资料存在较为明显的地震异常;②前兆异常变化与预测地震的发震时刻、震级对应性较强。通过数据跟踪,认为造成预测地点错误的主要原因,是震前对地电阻率的对比分析结果认识不足以及对新沂台地电阻率N45°E向资料变化认识不足或错误。如能再结合测震学参数等资料进行综合分析,预测地点可能更为准确。     

The Tongliao MS5.3 Earthquake and Its Foreshock Determination

Taking the 2013 Tongliao MS5. 3 earthquake as a research subject, on the basis of statistical analysis of earthquake sequence using the HypoDD location method and focal mechanism solutions,the paper analyzes and discusses the relationship between the ML4. 4 and MS5. 3 earthquakes. The results show that the Tongliao MS5. 3 earthquake occurred under the background of medium-small earthquakes long-term quiescence and short-term enhancement in the epicentral area. The results of accurate seismic location shows that the Tongliao MS5. 3 earthquake sequence is distributed in the NW direction,extending 10 km,and the ML≥3. 0 aftershocks are concentrated south of the mainshock. The distance between the MS5. 3 mainshock and the ML4. 4 foreshock is about 1. 8 km,with a focal depth of 7. 208 km and 7. 089 km,respectively,their focal location is very close,and may have occurred on the same fault plane. The results of focal mechanism shows that the Tongliao MS5. 3 earthquake is of the strike-slip type,the focal mechanism of aftershocks are disordered,and with time lapse,the type is changed from strike-slip to thrust and normal faulting. The bigger foreshocks had similar focal mechanism and were all normal fault types,which exhibits to some extent,an obvious crustal medium anisotropy in the epicentral area before macroscopic rupturing,as represented by alignment fractures,with stress action enhanced,this"consistency"of seismic precursor regime would gestate the mainshock. According to the characteristics of temporal-spatial distribution of earthquake sequence and similarity of focal mechanism,we judge that the Tongliao MS5. 3 earthquake sequence is a foreshock-mainshock-aftershock type.     

Elastic properties of sands,Part 1: Micro computed tomography image analysis of grain shapes and their relationship with microstructure

Elastic properties of an unconsolidated sand are largely dependent on the elastic properties of its constituent grain and the micro-structure that defines how the grains are arranged within themselves. Coordination number, that is the average number of contacts a grain has with its neighbours, and contact surface area are the two parameters closely related to the microstructure. Moreover, grain shapes and sorting also have substantial influence on these parameters. To calculate these parameters and find any potential relationships with the shape factors, we acquire high-resolution micro computed tomography images of four mechanically compacted unconsolidated dry sand samples that are of different shape factors and sorting indices. After a comprehensive voxel-based data processing, we calculate shape factors such as sphericity and roundness of each grain in all samples. Using own algorithm, we then calculate the coordination number and contact surface area. Results show that samples of well-sorted and higher spherical and rounded grains have higher coordination number and contact surface area than the samples of poorly sorted and lower spherical and rounded grains. Among the poorly sorted samples, coordination number is largely dependent on the fraction of larger grain sizes present in the sample. Inside any given sample, grains of lower sphericity tend to have higher coordination numbers. Moreover, more spherical and rounded grains have greater contact surface area with their neighbours.     

Characterization of phosphorus sorption on the sediments of Yangtze River Estuary and its adjacent areas

This paper studied the kinetics, isotherm and thermodynamics of phosphorus sorption onto the sediments of the Yangtze River estuary and its adjacent waters, as well as the sediments' compositions and physicochemical properties. The process could be described well by a two-compartment first order equation. The sorbed phosphorus mainly consisted of Ex-P and Fe-P, with Ex-P being the dominant. The equilibrium isotherms could be fitted well with a modified Langmuir equation. The calculations of the thermodynamic parameters indicated that the process was spontaneous and exothermic. The CEC and the fractions of clay, calcite and organic matter were correlated with the sorption parameters, while the surface proton charge of the sediments was significantly negatively correlated with them. Considering the kinetics and phosphorus forms changes during the process, the sorption in our study could be considered that the physical process plays an important role.     

激发极化法探测油气田——效果及异常模式探讨

本文是在20多个油气藏上作激发极化法找油气的试验结果。在华北的第三系油田,四川的中生界油气田,新疆的中生、古生界大逆掩断层带油田,以及华东的第三系油田上试验,普遍得到好的效果。各地区的充电率、电阻率及金属因数等参数的反应特点有差异,异常明显程度受盖层影响很大。该方法可以探测到埋深不小于3000m的油气藏,并在许多油气藏发现了具有共同特征的典型异常模式:它在浅部中心部位表现为高阻,高极化;两侧为低阻,低极化;深部表现为低阻,高极化;深浅两带之间为过渡带,异常无固定的特征。此模式可用以分辨油气藏异常,选择合适工作极距,以及研究引起异常的机制等。     

高频GPS和强震仪数据在汶川地震参数快速确定中的初步应用

高频GPS可以实时获取地表位移数据,在地震学中有十分重要的现实应用,比如快速获取震中、震级、地震烈度甚至震源破裂过程.本文以汶川地震为例,首先利用近场7个GPS台站数据反演震中位置,由于高频GPS和测震学确认的震相不一致,两种震中结果相距约15.7 km.然后对高频GPS和强震动数据进行了比较分析,我们的统计结果表明,尽管由于工作原理不同,高频GPS数据中的地震动峰值与强震记录相比存在明显差异,但是高频GPS记录的PGA、PGV和PGD同样可以作为计算地震烈度的指标.进而,使用SMBLOC程序对强震记录进行事后的基线偏移校正,得到与实时高频GPS精度相当的地表位移序列.最后,采用移动平均窗口对这些位移数据作平滑,基于最速下降法和OKADA模型,对汶川地震断层破裂的过程进行了回溯性准实时反演.结果表明,汶川地震主断层由西南向东北方向破裂,以14∶28∶04为基准,在震后20 s提供初始震级M_W7.0,震后70 s震级稳定在M_W7.8,但断层仍在破裂,在震后159 s根据位移波形判断事件基本结束.研究表明,实时地表位移数据可以快速准确获取强震震级和破裂方向,从而使得高频GPS将对现有地震预警系统提供很好的补充.     

广西航运枢纽工程建设中的极软岩研究

广西郁江桂平至上游百色规划有10个千吨级航运枢纽梯级,其中老口、鱼梁、那吉处在南宁、百色第三纪盆地。盆地内泥质岩石属软~极软泥岩,它具有低强度、对环境敏感、弱改造等特性,反映在工程设计中地基承载力不足、地基应力及变形超标,抗剪强度低、抗滑稳定问题突出等方面;在工程施工中体现在岩体工程稳定性差,施工保护要求高等。根据那吉等工程勘探试验研究成果,提出针对软岩工程地质问题评价及基础验收、建基面保护、地基处理等应注意的问题和采取的对策。     

马里亚纳海沟万米级水文观测研究

深渊观测是开展深渊科学研究的前提。文章介绍了2020年7月"东方红3"船在马里亚纳海沟"挑战者深渊"附近完成的一次海洋调查。基于船载温盐深综合剖面测量系统获取的万米级剖面数据,分析全海深的温盐性质,并依据Thorpe尺度方法和细尺度参数化方法,进一步估算不同深度层的湍动能耗散率。结果表明:"挑战者深渊"的深层海水十分稳定, 3 000—5 000 dbar的温盐特征与下层绕极水相同;受弱层结背景下的内潮影响, 5 000—8 000 m的耗散率显著提升。本次调查获取的万米级水文剖面为马里亚纳海沟的深渊探索提供了数据方面的支撑。     

精确测定地震计传递函数

提出联合阶跃标定与带精确电流测量的正弦波标定来确定地震计传递函数的方法。首先,使用阶跃标定确定地震计等效机械摆的自振周期和阻尼,得到地震计低频特性。随后,使用正弦波标定并引入电流测试技术,测定地震计全频段频率响应,幅频响应更加准确,同时可获得相频响应。最后,构建与地震计传递函数特征一致的结构来描述传递函数,采用最优化方法拟合求取地震计传递函数。该方法具有原理清楚、操作简单、易于实现、结果精确等优点,特别适用于地震计用户测试、地震计传递特性与厂方参数及各地震计间一致性和长期稳定性的验证,结果符合反馈型地震计传递函数特点。