The Oligocene Lund Tuff, Great Basin, USA: a very large volume monotonous intermediate

Unusual monotonous intermediate ignimbrites consist of phenocryst-rich dacite that occurs as very large volume (>1000 km³) deposits that lack systematic compositional zonation, comagmatic rhyolite precursors, and underlying plinian beds. They are distinct from countless, usually smaller volume, zoned rhyolite–dacite–andesite deposits that are conventionally believed to have erupted from magma chambers in which thermal and compositional gradients were established because of sidewall crystallization and associated convective fractionation. Despite their great volume, or because of it, monotonous intermediates have received little attention. Documentation of the stratigraphy, composition, and geologic setting of the Lund Tuff – one of four monotonous intermediate tuffs in the middle-Tertiary Great Basin ignimbrite province – provides insight into its unusual origin and, by implication, the origin of other similar monotonous intermediates.The Lund Tuff is a single cooling unit with normal magnetic polarity whose volume likely exceeded 3000 km³. It was emplaced 29.02±0.04 Ma in and around the coeval White Rock caldera which has an unextended north–south diameter of about 50 km. The tuff is monotonous in that its phenocryst assemblage is virtually uniform throughout the deposit: plagioclase>quartz≈hornblende>biotite>Fe–Ti oxides≈sanidine>titanite, zircon, and apatite. However, ratios of phenocrysts vary by as much as an order of magnitude in a manner consistent with progressive crystallization in the pre-eruption chamber. A significant range in whole-rock chemical composition (e.g., 63–71 wt% SiO₂) is poorly correlated with phenocryst abundance.These compositional attributes cannot have been caused wholly by winnowing of glass from phenocrysts during eruption, as has been suggested for the monotonous intermediate Fish Canyon Tuff. Pumice fragments are also crystal-rich, and chemically and mineralogically indistinguishable from bulk tuff. We postulate that convective mixing in a sill-like magma chamber precluded development of a zoned chamber with a rhyolitic top or of a zoned pyroclastic deposit. Chemical variations in the Lund Tuff are consistent with equilibrium crystallization of a parental dacitic magma followed by eruptive mixing of compositionally diverse crystals and high-silica rhyolite vitroclasts during evacuation and emplacement. This model contrasts with the more systematic withdrawal from a bottle-shaped chamber in which sidewall crystallization creates a marked vertical compositional gradient and a substantial volume of capping-evolved rhyolite magma. Eruption at exceptionally high discharge rates precluded development of an underlying plinian deposit.The generation of the monotonous intermediate Lund magma and others like it in the middle Tertiary of the western USA reflects an unusually high flux of mantle-derived mafic magma into unusually thick and warm crust above a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere.     

新10号泉水化学测项中强地震前兆异常特征的研究

选取1980年以来距新10号泉300km范围内的16次5级以上地震为研究对象,通过对新10号泉水化学参数在上述地震前后的全程时空扫描,初步总结出该泉水化学测项的前兆异常特征。（1）异常形态各异：硫化物为中期高值异常;氟离子以短期异常和中期异常为主;电导率基本上表现为中期高值异常;水汞以中期高值异常为主,个别地震前会出现临震高值异常;水氡为中期高值异常或年变畸变;甲烷则一般表现为高值中期异常,个别地震前也会在中期异常的基础上叠加大幅度临震异常;氦气为高值正异常。（2）映震对应率：硫化物为81．3％,氟离子为57．1％,电导率为31．3％,水汞为55．6％,水氡为18．8％,甲烷为46．7％,氦气为46．7％。     

Streamflow scaling properties: investigating characteristic scales from different statistical approaches

This paper studies the links between scaling properties of river flow time series by comparing the results of three techniques applied to an extended data set of 34 French discharge gauging stations. The three approaches used are based on different mathematical tools and hypotheses: (1) shape analysis of flood hydrographs; (2) a multifractal framework through spectral and moment analyses, and (3) flood frequency analysis through the fitting of flood duration frequency curves (QdF). The general aim is to test the hypothesis of scaling invariance of river flow and the shape invariance of the hydrographs, in order to investigate the link between scaling properties and flow dynamics. In particular, the coherence between different approaches widely used in the literature to describe these characteristics is evaluated through the estimation of parameters defining the range of time‐scales on which the scaling properties are valid. The results show that most of these timescale parameters are linked to the flow dynamics and suggest that the approaches applied are interrelated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Time and space nonlocalities underlying fractional-derivative models: Distinction and literature review of field applications

We investigate the spatiotemporal nonlocality underlying fractional-derivative models as a possible explanation for regional-scale anomalous dispersion with heavy tails. Properties of four fractional-order advection–dispersion equation (fADE) models were analyzed and compared systematically, including the space fADEs with either maximally positive or negative skewness, the time fADE with a temporal fractional-derivative 0<γ<1$0<\gamma <1$, and the extension of the time fADE with 1<γ<2$1<\gamma <2$. Space fADEs describe the dependence of local concentration change on a wide range of spatial zones (i.e., the space nonlocality), while time fADEs describe dynamic mass exchange between mobile and multiple immobile phases and therefore record the temporal history of concentration “loading” (i.e., the time-nonlocality). We then applied the fADEs as models of anomalous dispersion to four extensively-studied, regional-scale, natural systems, including a hillslope composed of fractured soils, a river with simultaneous active flow zones and various dead-zones, a relatively homogeneous glaciofluvial aquifer dominated by stratified sand and gravel, and a highly heterogeneous alluvial aquifer containing both preferential flowpaths and abundant aquitards. We find that the anomalous dispersion observed at each site might not be characterized reasonably or sufficiently by previous studies. In particular, the use of the space fADE with less than maximally positive skewness implies a spatial dependence on downstream concentrations that may not be physically realistic for solute transport in watershed catchments and rivers (where the influence of dead-zones on solute transport can be described by a temporal, not spatial, fractional model). Field-scale transport studies show that large ranges of solute displacement can be described by a space nonlocal, fractional-derivative model, and long waiting times can be described efficiently by a time-nonlocal, fractional model. The unknown quantitative relationship between the nonlocal parameters and the heterogeneity, and the similarity in concentration profiles that are solutions to the different nonlocal transport models, all demonstrate the importance of distinguishing the representative nonlocality (time and/or space) for any given regional-scale anomalous dispersion process.     

Estimating leaf area index by inversion of reflectance model for semiarid natural grasslands

The study developed an integrated reflectance model combining radiative transfer and geometric optical properties in order to inverse leaf area index (LAI) of semiarid natural grasslands. In order to better link remote sensing information with land plants, and facilitate regional and global climate change studies, the model introduced a simple but important geometrical similarity parameter related to plant crown shapes. The model revealed the influences of different plant crown shapes (such as spherical, cylindrical/cuboidal and conic crowns) on leaf/branch angle distribution frequencies, shadow ground coverage, shadowed or sunlit background fractions, canopy reflectance, and scene reflectance. The modeled reflectance data agreed with the measured ones in the three Leymus chinensis steppes with different degradation degrees, which validated the reflectance model. The lower the degradation degree was, the better the modeled data agreed with the measured data. After this reflectance model was coupled with the optimization inversion method, LAI over the entire study region was estimated once every eight days using the eight-day products of surface reflectance obtained by multi-spectral Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) during the growing seasons in 2002. The temporal and spatial patterns of inversed LAI for the steppes with different cover degrees, swamps, flood plains, and croplands agreed with the general laws and measurements very well. But for unused land cover types (sands, saline, and barren lands) and forestlands, totally accounting for about 10% of the study region, the reasonable LAI values were not derived by inversing, requiring further revising of the model or the development of a new model for them. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 30500076), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2007CB714407), and the President Foundation of Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. YZJJ200205)     

利用自然电位与自然伽马测井曲线划分沉积相带及储层分布

自然电位、自然伽马测井曲线形态和特征与沉积相带及其储集砂体关系密切,它们对不同岩性地层特征响应十分敏感.利用自然伽马、自然电位同步减小的较大幅度评价识别渗砂层,指示划分水下分流河道主体沉积微相带;利用自然伽马、自然电位减小的幅度差评价识别低渗砂、致密砂层,指示划分水下分流河道堤泛(侧翼)沉积微相带;并以自然电位比自然伽马减小幅度的相对细小差异识别油水层.在安塞油田沿河湾地区长6自然伽马、自然电位曲线划分沉积相带及储层的应用中,建立了自然伽马、自然电位划分储层的下限标准,有效地评价了特低渗透储层沉积微相带及储层类型,提高和扩大了测井曲线的应用及效果.     

昌平地震台地温前兆特征分析

介绍了昌平地震台地温测点的基本情况及地温正常变化特征。分析了该测点记到的一些地震前的地地温异常变化特征。自１９９５年以来该测点观测到１１次异常,其中有９次与发生在该台附近（３００ｋｍ范围内）的地震相对应,有２次异常没有对应地震。距离该测点较近的地震的异常形态为趋势下降－回升型;距离该测点较远的地震的异常形态为跳型,震前异常幅度越大,平静时间越长,未来地震的震级越大,反之则小,以分为间隔的测值的异常     

中强地震前中小地震速度谱的变化特征

从Ｄｕｄａ和Ｎｏｒｔｍａｎｎ提出的谱震级定义出发,利用江苏地区遥测台网的５个台站记录到的５４次地震的数字化垂向位移波形记录,采用１３组０．５倍频程的滤波器,计算了各次地震的Ｐ波和及Ｓ波在没中心周期处的平均速度谱值,研究了地震的Ｐ波或Ｓ波速度谱的拐角周期及综合因子ｆ值的时间变化特征。结果显示：中强地震发生之前１年或更短的时间内所发生的中小地震,其速度谱综合因子ｆ值随时间的变化具有由高值向低值的变化趋     

地震前油井动态变化特征研究

分析了１９７５年海城７．３级、１９７６年唐山７．８级以及１９８９年大同６．１级等地震前后胜利油田油井的动态变化特征。研究了油井动态异常变化与地城三要素的关系,地震前油气比的异常幅度比产油量的异常幅度大;异常幅度与震级的大小呈相关,与震中距呈负相关;对于震中距较远的地震,异常多表现为突跳变化;城吉距较近的地震前异常出现早,且形态复杂,基本可分为早期趋势变化、中期震荡变化和震前突跳３个过程,最后对异常     

伽师强震群活动期间地震窗异常特征研究

分析研究了1997－1998年伽师强震群活动期间阿困什余震窗和喀什地震窗月频、旬频、日频的异常特征。结果表明,两地震窗的异常形态具有一定的相似性,起止时间也具有同步性。月频度异常形态多经过2－3个峰值后在高值发震;旬频率、日频率异常形态则表现为高值－低值－发震;日频度异常出现在震前1－3d。通过对比分析伽师强震群1997年和1998年的活动特征发现,阿图什余震窗和喀什余震窗在1997年几组后续6级地震前小震日频率均在指数衰减背景上明显升高,而1998年2组强震前指数衰减背景不明显。