四川自一里水电站气垫式调压室围岩渗透性评价

结合自一里水电工程气垫式调压室设计厂房区岩体渗透性研究,提出了从定性分析到定量计算与评价,系统刻画岩体渗透性与分区评价,以满足气垫式调压室设计要求的实用方法.该方法以基础地质与水文地质研究为背景,从系统全面的裂隙测量与统计分析中,获取岩体裂隙空间发育规律和裂隙方向、隙宽、迹长、间距和裂隙率等统计特征值,运用裂隙岩体渗透张量理论,得出分布式岩体渗透主值和综合渗透系数;在此基础上,进行岩体渗透性分区与评价.评价得出:花岗岩夹变质砂岩透镜体的厂区岩体渗透性总体随深度变化,受接触带影响局部渗透性呈强弱交替变化;区内裂隙岩体的渗透性分3级,近地表浅层岩体渗透性较强,综合渗透系数为n×100m/d～n×10-1m/d,调压室区为中等～弱渗透性岩体,渗透系数为n×10-2m/d～n×10-4m/d.     

电缆地层测试最小测试时间的确定

电缆地层测试器是重要的地层评价仪器,可以测量地层压力和渗透率、识别流体类型、确定油水界面.然而在低孔低渗地层中,由于泥饼的封闭性差而造成的地层增压现象,致使无法测量到地层真实压力.同时由于长时间的测试,容易将仪器卡在地层中而造成事故.本文提出一种确定电缆地层测试最小测试时间的方法.利用有限元方法计算泥饼和原状地层中的压力分布情况,求取泥浆柱静压力的影响半径,继而确定储层的最小测试时间,并且针对渗透性不同的储层给出了最小测试时间的范围.电缆地层测试最小测试时间的确定,可以确保电缆地层测试器在低孔低渗储层中测量到地层的真实信息,减小由于测量时间过长而引起工程事故发生率.     

不同应力状态下地层渗透系数的变化及其对流体运移影响的数值模拟研究

本文选择地层渗透系数受应力影响而变化作为研究流体运移的基础。压实固结和构造作用所产生应力对渗透系数影响的有限元数学模拟研究表明,平均有效应力与介质渗透性能呈负相关的变化趋势,应力驱动流体由应力高值区向应力低值区运移。     

低渗透储层的微观特征对其宏观性质的影响规律——以榆树林油田扶杨油层为例

利用岩心物性分析、压汞曲线和镜下分析等资料,研究榆树林油田东16区块扶杨油层的宏、微观特征及二者关系.结果表明:研究区扶杨油层岩性为岩屑长石砂岩,普遍具有碎裂特征,主要孔隙成因类型包括微裂缝、粒间孔、粒内孔和晶间孔,微裂缝对孔隙度的贡献不大,但对渗透率的影响不容忽视.孔隙度主要受孔喉发育程度影响,孔喉半径越大,孔隙度越高.渗透率受反映连通程度的特征结构参数影响较大,二者呈正相关关系,且孔隙度越大,特征结构系数对渗透率的影响越大.退汞效率受特征结构参数影响较大,储层为中孔时,退汞效率随特征结构参数的增大而增大;储层为低孔或特低孔时,退汞效率随特征结构参数的增大而减小.该研究结果对改造低渗储层、提高采收率具有指导意义.     

地下水位对定点形变观测干扰的抽水实验

抽水所造成的地下水位的变化会即时在局部范围内造成地表的形变，干扰定点地壳形变观测。在蓟县地震台进行的抽水实验表明：这种干扰的幅度与抽水水井到形变监测仪器的距离有关，也和抽水水井水位的最大降深有关。根据实验数据得到了抽水对定点形变观测的影响范围的经验公式。     

Thermal bending of thin, anisotropic, clamped elliptic plates

The present note deals with the exact analytical solution of thermal bending of clamped, anisotropic, elliptic plates in the case where the thermal field is given by an expression of the type T(x,y,z)=z(Ax²+Cxy+By²).The problem is of basic interest in some ocean and mechanical structural systems since anisotropic materials are commonly used in those fields. Obviously the case of an orthotropic material constitutes a particular situation of the problem under study.     

The evolution of pore pressure fields around standard and ball penetrometers: influence of penetration rate

Rate effects are examined in the steady pore pressure distribution induced as a result of penetration of standard and ball penetrometers. The incompressible flow field, which develops around the penetrometer is used to define the approximate soil velocity field local to the penetrometer tip. This prescribes the Lagrangian framework for the migration of the fluid saturated porous medium, defining the advection of induced pore pressures relative to the pressure‐monitoring locations present on the probe face. In two separate approaches, different source functions are used to define the undrained pore fluid pressures developed either (i) on the face of the penetrometer or (ii) in the material comprising the failure zone surrounding the penetrometer tip. In the first, the sources applied at the tip face balance the volume of fluid mobilized by the piston displacement of the advancing penetrometer. Alternately, a fluid source distribution is evaluated from plasticity solutions and distributed throughout the tip process zone: for a standard penetrometer, the solution is for the expansion of a spherical cavity, and for the ball penetrometer, the solution is an elastic distribution of stresses conditioned by the limit load embedded within an infinite medium. For the standard penetrometer, the transition from drained to undrained behavior occurs over about two orders of magnitude in penetration rate for pore pressures recorded at the tip (U1) and about two‐and‐a‐half orders of magnitude for the shoulder (U2). This response is strongly influenced by the rigidity of the soil and slightly influenced by the model linking induced total stresses to pore pressures. For the ball penetrometer, the transition from drained to undrained behavior also transits two‐and‐a‐half orders of magnitude in penetration rate, although it is offset to higher dimensionless penetration rates than for standard penetration. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Coupled finite‐element simulation of injection well testing in unconsolidated oil sands reservoir

This paper presents a finite‐element (FE) model for simulating injection well testing in unconsolidated oil sands reservoir. In injection well testing, the bottom‐hole pressure (BHP) is monitored during the injection and shut‐in period. The flow characteristics of a reservoir can be determined from transient BHP data using conventional reservoir or well‐testing analysis. However, conventional reservoir or well‐testing analysis does not consider geomechanics coupling effects. This simplified assumption has limitations when applied to unconsolidated (uncemented) oil sands reservoirs because oil sands deform and dilate subjected to pressure variation. In addition, hydraulic fracturing may occur in unconsolidated oil sands when high water injection rate is used. This research is motivated in numerical modeling of injection well testing in unconsolidated oil sands reservoir considering the geomechanics coupling effects including hydraulic fracturing. To simulate the strong anisotropy in mechanical and hydraulic behaviour of unconsolidated oil sands induced by fluid injection in injection well testing, a nonlinear stress‐dependent poro‐elasto‐plastic constitutive model together with a strain‐induced anisotropic permeability model are formulated and implemented into a 3D FE simulator. The 3D FE model is used to history match the BHP response measured from an injection well in an oil sands reservoir. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Transport properties of rocks from statistics and percolation

Two simplified microstructural models that account for permeability and conductivity of low-porosity rocks are compared. Both models result from statistics and percolation theory. The first model assumes that transport results from the connection of 1D objects or pipes; the second model assumes that transport results from the connection of 2D objects or cracks. In both cases, statistical methods permit calculation of permeability k and conductivity , which are dependent on three independent microvariables: average pipe (crack) length, average pipe radius (crack aperture), and average pipe (crack) spacing. The degree of connection is one aspect of percolation theory. Results show that use of the mathematical concept of percolation and use of the rock physics concept of tortuosity are equivalent. Percolation is used to discuss k and near the threshold where these parameters vanish. Relations between bulk parameters (permeability, conductivity, porosity) are calculated and discussed in terms of microvariables.     

Seismic wave attenuation in fluid-saturated porous media

Contrary to the traditional view, seismic attenuation in Biot's theory of fluid-saturated porous media is due to viscous damping of local (not global) pore-fluid motion. Since substantial inhomogeneities in fluid permeability of porous geological materials are to be expected, the regions of highest local permeability contribute most to the wave energy dissipation while those of lowest permeability dominate the fluid flow rate if they are uniformly distributed. This dichotomy can explain some of the observed discrepancies between computed and measured attenuation of compressional and shear waves in porous earth. One unfortunate consequence of this result is the fact that measured seismic wave attenuation in fluid-filled geological materials cannot be used directly as a diagnostic of the global fluid-flow permeability.