资源三号卫星全色影像的姿态角常差检测

根据资源三号卫星传感器的成像原理,构建严格几何模型进行直接定位。通过对不同时间的资源三号全色影像进行实验,验证了姿态角常差的存在,并建立校正模型对其进行改正。利用少量控制点改正姿态角常差后,影像立体定位精度可显著提高。不同地区的实验结果表明,姿态角常差不是恒定不变的,需要根据长期观测建立其变化模型。     

基于AFM表征的页岩孔隙特征及其与解析气量关系

页岩储层的孔隙结构影响着页岩气的储集特性。为了较为真实地反映样品表面孔隙三维结构,著者选用原子力显微镜研究页岩微-纳米孔隙特征。以重庆市涪陵地区焦页1井（JY1）和渝参4井（YC4）典型样品为研究对象,用原子力显微镜表征岩样的微观结构,获取岩样的三维形貌图,分析岩样的孔隙分布特征和储集空间特征,构建代表岩样孔隙特征的参数。分别比较相同井号不同井段之间的特征参数差异和不同井号之间的特征参数差异,从而定量描述岩样的形貌特征。结合样品提取现场解析气量数据,建立JY1、YC4样品的解析气量与特征参数之间的关系。结果表明：JY1样品的储集空间密集,孔隙占的空间相对多,其微观结构更有利于气体的吸附和储集;结合两口井取心现场解析页岩气量分析发现,JY1、YC4样品的空间起伏度FDI与现场解析气量均呈现正相关关系。     

短边三维网的布设及精度

本文讨论了各类短边三维网的布设原理、条件数计算和不确定性考虑,推导了精度估计公式,通过分析得出了几点结论,供布设时参考。     

低速非达西流动与泥质岩孔隙流体超压的形成

泥质岩层中孔隙水在向外排运的过程中遵循低速非达西流动规律,当泥质沉积物成岩以后,地层中部的孔隙水必须克服微孔隙对其产生的启动阻力才能向外排出,否则,地层水就被滞流在岩层孔隙中造成泥岩的欠压实,具欠压实地层的孔隙水承担了部分上覆地层的重量而形成孔隙流体超压。因此,启动阻力是泥岩层形成孔隙流体超压的根本原因。在成岩作用的早期阶段,泥质岩层启动阻力较小,流体可以流动,流体超压由粘滞阻力和启动阻力两部分组成,当成岩作用进入到中—晚期以后,泥质岩层启动阻力增大,流体不能流动,粘滞阻力近似等于零,超压值等于启动阻力值。因为启动阻力是泥质岩层的固有特征,所以,在没有裂缝或断层的情况下,孔隙流体超压就必然存在。启动阻力随着泥质岩层厚度的增大、埋藏深度的增加、成岩程度的增强、砂质含量的减小而增大,孔隙流体超压也随上述因素的变化与启动阻力等量增大。     

Seafloor classification of the mound and channel provinces of the Porcupine Seabight: an application of the multibeam angular backscatter data

In this study multibeam angular backscatter data acquired in the eastern slope of the Porcupine Seabight are analysed. Processing of the angular backscatter data using the ‘NRGCOR’ software was made for 29 locations comprising different geological provinces like: carbonate mounds, buried mounds, seafloor channels, and inter-channel areas. A detailed methodology is developed to produce a map of angle-invariant (normalized) backscatter data by correcting the local angular backscatter values. The present paper involves detailed processing steps and related technical aspects of the normalization approach. The presented angle-invariant backscatter map possesses 12 dB dynamic range in terms of grey scale. A clear distinction is seen between the mound dominated northern area (Belgica province) and the Gollum channel seafloor at the southern end of the site. Qualitative analyses of the calculated mean backscatter values i.e., grey scale levels, utilizing angle-invariant backscatter data generally indicate backscatter values are highest (lighter grey scale) in the mound areas followed by buried mounds. The backscatter values are lowest in the inter-channel areas (lowest grey scale level). Moderate backscatter values (medium grey level) are observed from the Gollum and Kings channel data, and significant variability within the channel seafloor provinces. The segmentation of the channel seafloor provinces are made based on the computed grey scale levels for further analyses based on the angular backscatter strength. Three major parameters are utilized to classify four different seafloor provinces of the Porcupine Seabight by employing a semi-empirical method to analyse multibeam angular backscatter data. The predicted backscatter response which has been computed at 20° is the highest for the mound areas. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the mean backscatter response is also the highest for the mound areas. Interestingly, the slope value of the buried mound areas are found to be the highest. However, the channel seafloor of moderate backscatter response presents the lowest slope and CV values. A critical examination of the inter-channel areas indicates less variability within the estimated three parameters. Financial support of this study was granted by the European Commission Fifth Framework Project GEOMOUND (contract no. EVK3-CT-1999-00016).     

鄂尔多斯盆地西部下古生界风化壳优质储集层发育规律及成因机制: 以桃2区块马家沟组马五1-4亚段为例*

鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界马家沟组顶部遭受长期风化剥蚀,形成了以膏云岩为主的风化壳岩溶储集层。盆地西部包括桃2区块在内的马家沟组马五_1-4亚段以(含)膏云岩、白云岩和灰云岩互层发育为主。借助岩心观察、偏光显微分析和扫描电镜超微分析,识别出多层成层分布的(含)膏云岩;通过对硬石膏、白云石和方解石等矿物的物理和化学性质对比研究,认为(含)膏云岩的膏模孔、扩溶膏模孔及与之伴生的胀缩微裂缝为主要储集空间,孔隙大小具有明显的自限性,受硬石膏结核和石膏晶体大小的制约;岩性((含)膏云岩)和沉积微相(潮上带(含)膏云坪)是储集层形成的先天物质基础和环境条件,并导致(含)膏云岩储集层的层控分布特征;4期溶蚀作用过程中,硬石膏晶体和结核的组构选择性溶蚀和阶段性充填,是储集层形成的关键过程;储集层为层状相控、受岩溶作用影响,但岩溶地貌对储集层分布不再有决定性控制作用。(含)膏云岩发育区分散流的弥散性渗透溶蚀是大洞大缝不发育的主要原因。“层状相控岩溶作用岩性气藏”观点的提出将促使研究区下古生界从“岩溶古地貌气藏”向“相控岩性气藏”勘探的深刻转变。     

西准噶尔南部玛依勒洋盆开启、闭合时限:来自中泥盆统与下伏地质体之间角度不整合关系的证据

新疆西准噶尔南部地区出露多条蛇绿岩,其中玛依勒蛇绿岩是该地区比较重要的蛇绿岩之一,其所代表的古洋盆的开启、闭合时限一直是地学界争论的焦点。详细的野外调查发现:玛依勒蛇绿混杂岩呈构造岩块的形式就位于中-上志留统玛依拉山岩群复理石基质中或与寒武纪杂岩体在空间上密切共生,表明玛依勒蛇绿岩所代表的古洋盆至少在寒武纪时期就已经开启,一直持续到中-晚志留世;中泥盆统库鲁木迪组分别角度不整合于中-上志留统玛依拉山岩群和寒武纪杂岩体之上,从而限定了玛依勒洋盆闭合时限的上限为中泥盆世之前。地层剖面分析发现库鲁木迪组与玛依拉山岩群之间在岩性特征、地层序列、沉积环境等方面均存在显著差异,表明晚古生代早期是西准噶尔地区构造演化发展的重要转换时期,库鲁木迪组下部的陆相沉积序列是对玛依勒早古生代洋盆闭合过程的沉积学响应。这将对进一步研究西准噶尔的构造演化和古生代中亚地区的构造格局提供了重要的制约。     

松辽盆地南部火山岩储层特征

松辽盆地南部断陷层火山岩分布广泛,随着近年长岭南部中基性火山岩勘探获得突破,火山岩储层特征及形成机制研究再次成为热点。针对火山岩储层纵向多期次、横向多相带、非均值性强的特点,以松南多年勘探实践资料为基础,结合岩心、铸体薄片、扫描电镜和CT扫描等多种方法,从宏观、微观多尺度识别了火山岩储层3类12种有效储集空间类型,明确了"孔隙+溶蚀"和"孔隙+缝网"复合型储集空间的大规模发育是火山岩储层形成的关键,总结了火山机构-岩相类型、所处构造位置、暴露时间和到生烃灶距离对火山岩储层形成的控制作用。     

Generalized effective medium resistivity model for low resistivity reservoir

With the advancement in oil exploration,producible oil and gas are being found in low resistivity reservoirs,which may otherwise be erroneously thought as water zones from their resistivity.However,the evaluation of low resistivity reservoirs remains difficult from log interpretation.Since low resistivity in hydrocarbon bearing sands can be caused by dispersed clay,laminated shale,conductive matrix grains,microscopic capillary pores and high saline water,a new resistivity model is required for more accurate hydrocarbon saturation prediction for low resistivity formations.Herein,a generalized effective medium resistivity model has been proposed for low resistivity reservoirs,based on experimental measurements on artificial low resistivity shaly sand samples,symmetrical anisotropic effective medium theory for resistivity interpretations,and geneses and conductance mechanisms of low resistivity reservoirs.By analyzing effects of some factors on the proposed model,we show theoretically the model can describe conductance mechanisms of low resistivity reservoirs with five geneses.Also,shale distribution largely affects water saturation predicted by the model.Resistivity index decreases as fraction and conductivity of laminated shale,or fraction of dispersed clay,or conductivity of rock matrix grains increases.Resistivity index decreases as matrix percolation exponent,or percolation rate of capillary bound water increases,and as percolation exponent of capillary bound water,or matrix percolation rate,or free water percolation rate decreases.Rock sample data from low resistivity reservoirs with different geneses and interpretation results for log data show that the proposed model can be applied in low resistivity reservoirs containing high salinity water,dispersed clay,microscopic capillary pores,laminated shale and conductive matrix grains,and thus is considered as a generalized resistivity model for low resistivity reservoir evaluation.     

菲律宾海板块西缘强震活动与地球自转角加速度变化关系研究

统计分析了1962~2016年菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块挤压带俯冲带强地震活动与地球自转角加速度变化间的关系。结果显示,研究时段菲律宾海板块西边缘带的25次强地震活动(MS≥7.5)有21次都发生在地球自转角加速度上升期,表明该地区强地震活动与地球自转角加速度之间存在相关性,最后讨论了这种相关性可能的力学机理。