Rethinking what constitutes suspended sediment

Although cohesive suspended sediment is now known to be transported primarily as flocculated material, there is still a misconception of what constitutes suspended sediment. Flocs represent a complex matrix of microbial communities, organic particles (e.g. detritus, extracellular polymers and cellular debris), inorganic particles (e.g. clays and silts) and substantial interfloc spaces (pores), which allow for the retention or flow through of water. Flocculation results in significant alteration of the hydrodynamics of the constituent particles (by modifying their effective size, shape, density and porosity), thereby affecting the transport of sediment and associated contaminants. The composition and structure of a floc is in a continuous state of change as the medium in which it is transported provides the floc with further building materials, energy, nutrients and chemicals for biological growth, chemical reactions and morphological development. As such, a floc's physical (e.g. transport), chemical (e.g. contaminant adsorption) and biological (community development and contaminant biotransformation) behaviour are also in a continuous state of change, with concomitant effects on their aquatic environment as a whole. Although it is recognized that floc form will influence floc behaviour, there is still a basic lack of knowledge of the complex links between the structural components of a floc and how their individual properties and behaviours in combination with others will influence a floc's physical, chemical and biological behaviour. This paper provides a comprehensive conceptual model that links the many interrelated structural components of typical flocs and their interrelated behavioural aspects, in order to enhance our understanding of what constitutes suspended sediment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东营凹陷深层溶蚀孔隙的多重介质成因机理和动力机制

通过岩心观察、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜观察、流体包裹体分析、粘土矿物分析与Ro测试等手段,结合地层压力史、构造发育史、有机质成烃史等研究成果,以揭示东营凹陷下第三系深部碎屑岩储层溶蚀孔隙的成因机理和动力机制为目的开展工作,得到以下认识:该凹陷深层溶蚀孔隙具有多重溶解机理,主要是有机酸溶解作用、无机酸溶解作用、硫酸盐热化学氧化还原反应和油田水引起的溶解作用等酸性介质溶解机理和以石英为主要溶蚀对象的碱性介质溶解机理;溶解作用的动力机制包括循环热对流、断裂活动引起大气淡水淋滤和超压泄露。     

Turbulent transport of angular momentum in magnetized fluids and torsional oscillations of the sun

Abstract

Fluxes of angular momentum produced by turbulence in rotating fluids are derived with the effects of a magnetic field included. It is assumed that the rotation is slow but that the magnetic field is of arbitrary strength. A mean magnetic field is shown to produce qualitative changes of the sources of the differential rotation rather than the quenching of differential rotation usually expected. A new equatorward flux of angular momentum arises through the influence of the toroidal magnetic field. The possibility of interpreting the torsional oscillations of the Sun as a consequence of the magnetic perturbations of the turbulent angular momentum fluxes is discussed.     

太阳绕太阳系质心运动22年周期及其与太阳活动的联系

对于太阳活动22年周期的成因机制长期存在着争论.本文借助于行星会合指数以及开普勒第三定律,对太阳绕太阳系质心运动周期进行了分析计算.结果发现,太阳绕太阳系质心运动存在22.1826年显著周期,这与太阳磁场变化的22.20年周期相吻合.并从太阳系角动量守恒的角度解释了两者之间的成因联系:在太阳绕太阳系质心运动的准22年周期中,太阳系质心与太阳质心逐步接近而后逐步分离.当两个质心之间的距离接近零的时候,太阳轨道角动量与自转角动量叠加,会导致太阳自转角速度的加快;当两个质心之间的距离逐渐远离的时候,则导致太阳自转角速度的减慢.这可能是引发太阳活动和太阳磁场变化的原因.这一新认识为太阳活动准22年周期成因机制的解释提供了新的线索和依据.     

苏北盆地高邮凹陷阜宁组储层次生孔隙成因机制探讨

高邮凹陷阜宁组储层为低渗透储层,次生孔隙是储集空间的主要组成部分。研究认为,大气等淡水淋滤水、有机质演化形成的有机酸、粘土矿物转化形成的层间酸性水等产生的溶蚀作用是次生孔隙形成的主要原因,各种因素在时间和空间上的有机配置及相互作用对次生孔隙的形成具有重要的影响。在分析次生孔隙成因机制的基础上,利用声波、密度及中子测井对次生孔隙进行建模,编制程序进行了预测。综合分析表明,纵向上阜三段储集层次生孔隙的发育最佳,横向上沙埝南-富民北一带是油气勘探的有利区带,据此进行勘探施工证实了次生孔隙预测的准确性。     

储层微观孔喉网络图形识别方法

通过对大量岩样铸体薄片的图形特征反复观察与实验,设计了一种储层微观孔喉网络图形识别方法。该方法的关键是将原图片由RGB彩色空间转换到受亮度影响很小的YUV空间下,使待识别岩样孔喉网络产生很好的类聚,然后采用形态学分水岭分割方法识别出岩样铸体薄片图片中的孔隙与喉道。将该方法识别出的孔喉网络与RGB空间下一般图像分割技术识别出的孔喉网络对比,结果表明该方法识别出的孔喉网络比较完整与清晰;同时使用德国蔡司公司图像处理系统中的Axiovision4.0软件对待识别岩样薄片进行面孔率测算,结果表明该方法识别效果明显,相对误差降低了0.425%,大大提高了储层微观孔喉网络图形识别的准确度。     

Physics-based modeling of cosmogenic nuclides part II – Key aspects of in-situ cosmogenic nuclide production

Characteristics of the spallogenic component of nuclide production are investigated through the use of a physics-based model. Calculated production rates for commonly used nuclides indicate differences in scaling up to 15% at very high altitude. Angular distribution of nuclide forming particles suggests the current method of shielding correction, which is neither altitude nor latitude dependent, can be improved on. Subsurface production profiles suggest that erosion corrections should be performed with non-constant attenuation lengths. Results are parameterized for easy application.     

沁水盆地阳泉区块太原组煤系页岩孔隙结构特征

页岩孔隙结构是影响页岩气赋存与储集的基本因素之一.为研究高演化海陆过渡相煤系页岩的孔隙结构和评价页岩气储集能力,主要运用扫描电子显微镜、高压压汞、低温N2和CO2气体吸附实验方法,对沁水盆地阳泉区块太原组海陆过渡相煤系页岩孔隙微观特征与孔隙结构进行了研究,并分析了太原组煤系页岩孔隙发育的影响因素.研究结果表明:沁水盆地...     

古风化壳孔隙与裂缝发育特征及其油气地质意义

通过总结前人研究结果,利用数据整理、薄片观察等方法对古风化壳中孔隙和裂缝的发育规律进行了分析,并探讨了古风化壳结构的油气地质意义。研究结果表明,发育完全的古风化壳具有风化黏土层和半风化岩石的分层结构;半风化岩石中部孔隙和裂缝较发育,向上向下规模逐渐减小,至风化黏土层大孔隙和裂缝不发育。通过实例汇总认为,影响半风化岩石孔缝系统发育程度的主要因素包括风化基岩的岩性、风化的时间和强度、风化壳形成时期的剥蚀厚度和古风化壳的埋藏深度以及裂缝孔隙的充填特征。风化黏土层岩性致密,对油气的保存具有建设性作用;半风化岩层中部的孔缝连通体,既为油气运移的良好通道,也可作为油气聚集的有效储层。     

全球大气角动量变化的比较分析

利用日本气象局ＧＳＭ９６０３大气数值模式和客观分析资料以及美国环境预报中心大气再分析数据研究比较全球大气角动量变化。分析表明，三者大气质量再分布角动量东经９０°Ｅ分量的符合程度要好于格林威治方向的分量；而且ＧＳＭ９６０３对大气轴向相对角动量季节变化的强度模拟与其他两者一致，并明显优于第一阶段 ＡＭＩＰ ２３个大气环流模式的平均模拟结果。另外，ＧＳＭ９６０３大气相对角动量的年际变化基本显示了厄尔尼诺变化的主要历程。