2D and 3D nanopore characterization of gas shale in Longmaxi formation based on FIB-SEM

Studying complex pore structures is the key to understanding the mechanism of shale gas accumulation. FIB-SEM (focused ion beam-scanning electron microscope) is the mainstream and effective instrument for imaging nanopores in gas shales. Based on this technology, 2D and 3D characteristics of shale samples from Lower Silurian Longmaxi formation in southern Sichuan Basin were investigated. 2D experimental results show that the pores in shale are nanometer-sized, and the structure of those nanopores can be classified into three types: organic pores, inorganic pores and micro fractures. Among the three types, organic pores are dominantly developed in the OM (organic matter) with three patterns such as continuous distributed OM, OM between clay minerals and OM between pyrite particles, and the size of organic pores range from 5 nm to 200 nm.Inveresly, inorganic pores and micro fractures are less developed in the Longmaxi shales. 3D digital rocks were reconstructed and segmented by 600 continuous images by FIB cutting and SEM imaging simultaneously. The pore size distribution and porosity can be calculated by this 3D digital core, showing that its average value is 32 nm and porosity is 3.62%.The 3D digital porosity is higher than its helium porosity, which can be regarded as one important parameter for evaluation of shale gas reserves. The 2D and 3D characterized results suggest that the nanometer-sized pores in organic matter take up the fundamental storage space for the Longmaxi shale. These characteristics have contributed to the preservation of shale gas in this complex tectonic area.     

Atmospheric angular momentum variations of Earth, Mars and Venus at seasonal time scales

Atmospheric angular momentum variations of a planet are associated with the global atmospheric mass redistribution and the wind variability. The exchange of angular momentum between the fluid layers and the solid planet is the main cause for the variations of the planetary rotation at seasonal time scales. In the present study, we investigate the angular momentum variations of the Earth, Mars and Venus, using geodetic observations, output of state-of-the-art global circulation models as well as assimilated data. We discuss the similarities and differences in angular momentum variations, planetary rotation and angular momentum exchange for the three terrestrial planets. We show that the atmospheric angular momentum variations for Mars and Earth are mainly annual and semi-annual whereas they are expected to be “diurnal” on Venus. The wind terms have the largest contributions to the LOD changes of the Earth and Venus whereas the matter term is dominant on Mars due to the CO₂ sublimation/condensation. The corresponding LOD variations (ΔLOD) have similar amplitudes on Mars and Earth but are much larger on Venus, though more difficult to observe.     

A pore-throat model based on grain-size distribution to quantify gravity-dominated DNAPL instabilities in a water-saturated homogeneous porous medium

A pore-scale network model based on spherical pore bodies and cylindrical pore throats was developed to describe the displacement of water by DNAPL. The pore body size and the pore throat size were given by statistical distributions with user-specified values for the minimum, mean and maximum sizes. The numerical model was applied to a laboratory experiment conducted on a sand-filled glass column. The parameters relative to pore body size and pore throat size that were used in the construction of the equivalent network were derived from the discrete grain-size distribution of the real porous medium. The calculated arrival times of the DNAPL front were compared with those measured using optic fibre sensors placed at different points on the control section of the experimental device. Furthermore, the model simulated DNAPL pressure measured at the entrance section of the system. In general, the numerical results obtained with the model were in good agreement with the actual measurements.     

川西坳陷中段须家河组四段钙屑砂岩气层的成因

钙屑砂岩在川西坳陷须家河组四段分布特别广,几乎每个构造、每口井都能见到。岩石大部分致密,目前只在局部井段见到孔隙发育能成为有效储集层。在大量岩石薄片鉴定及资料统计的基础上,对丰谷地区钙屑砂岩的岩石学、成岩作用、储集物性和孔隙发育特征进行了详细的研究。结果表明,丰谷地区钙屑砂岩气层单层砂体厚度大,碳酸盐岩岩屑含量高,方解石胶结物含量低,次生孔隙发育,孔隙类型主要为溶蚀粒间孔。天然气主要来自下三叠统马鞍塘组、须家河组三段、须家河组四中亚段烃源岩。本区钙屑砂岩气层与所经历成岩作用密切相关,属于成岩圈闭型气层。丰谷地区钙屑砂岩气层的形成过程对于勘探类似岩性气藏具有借鉴与指导意义。     

全球500kPa角动量与EP通量的季节变化

利用ＥＣＭＷＦ提供的９ａ（１９８Ｏ－１９８８）资料，从定性和定量角度分析５００ｈＰａ全球东西风带的角动量和ＥＰ通量的季节过渡。结果发现：不仅角动量存在明显的季节性急变，而且反映波活动的ＥＰ通量也存在相应的季节性急变。另外，季节性急变的发生时间在东西风带亦有所不同。     

贵州赤水地区中三叠统雷口坡组的成岩作用和储集性

赤水地区中三叠统雷口坡组的气藏是１９９１年初发现的，其储层主要发育在雷一＾１中段。储集岩主要为溶孔粉晶云岩，储集空间为晶间孔、晶间溶孔及溶孔。受沉积环境控制，成岩早期的淡水溶蚀作用是形成储集性的主要原因，导致雷一＾１亚段的储层具明显的成层性，而印支期抬升引起的风化淋滤作用进一步改善了储集性。成岩期的石膏充填则是使储集空间遭破坏的主要因素。本文通过“四性研究”，充分利用岩石学、岩石地球化学及各种微电     

珠一坳陷深层砂岩储层孔隙演化研究

过去珠一坳陷古近系砂岩储层因埋藏深,其储层物性受到质疑,国内外深部优质储层的不断发现大大拓宽了油气勘探的新领域。通过对砂岩储层的沉积环境、岩石成分、成岩作用、矿物转化等与孔隙特征的关系综合分析发现,胶结作用是导致深部储层物性变差的主要因素,粘土矿物、硅质和硬石膏胶结堵塞了孔隙;深部储层毗邻珠江口盆地最为重要的烃源岩,在中成岩A亚期,有机质处于高成熟阶段,有机质生烃以及粘土矿物在转化过程中所释放出的酸性水的溶解作用是产生大量次生孔隙的重要因素,深部异常超压是孔隙得以保存的条件,珠一坳陷作为油气勘探的新领域,次生孔隙的大量出现和超压对孔隙的保护揭示了其巨大的勘探潜力。