An improved method for delineating source protection zones for karst springs based on analysis of recession curve data

A standard method for delineating source protection zones, particularly for karst and carbonate springs, has been improved. The method, based on recession curve analysis, defines four vulnerability scenarios with an evaluation of the appropriate dimensions of the protection areas, accommodating situations where field-test data are not available. The new approach makes it easier to separate the components of the spring discharge hydrograph. The objective is to achieve simplification, and an effective, more rigorous, procedure in the determination of the parameters used by Mangin’s model—Mangin A (1975) Contribution a l’étude hydrodynamique des aquifères karstiques-Troisieme partie: Constitution et fonctionnement des aquifères karstiques (Contribution to the hydrodynamic study of karst aquifers, part 3: formation and work of karst aquifers). Ann Speleol 30(1):21–124. The original procedure, plus the lack of sufficient data, was open to subjective interpretation. With the aid of modern technology, a very large quantity of data is now available and it is necessary to process it using denoise type computer-based filters before passing to interpretation. Working with discharge data series, a statistical approach is proposed to give an analytical solution for determining the values of fundamental parameters of the recession curve model. The new procedure is defined and compared with the original methodology. The new approach has been tested and applied to a number of karst springs in Italy. A case history for a spring located in the Piedmont region of the Maritime Alps, is presented. The proposed new procedure can be utilised to mark the limits of the protection zones of tapped groundwater supplied for potable use, as required by European and local legislation.     

Determination of the parameter pattern and values for a one-dimensional multi-zone unconfined aquifer

In an aquifer, heterogeneity plays an important role in governing groundwater flow. Hence, aquifer characterization should involve both the pattern and values of the hydrogeological parameters. A new analytical solution describing the one-dimensional groundwater flow in a multi-zone unconfined aquifer is presented, and a methodology developed from the analytical solution and a heuristic approach for determining the pattern and values of the aquifer parameters are proposed. The analytical solution demonstrates that the hydraulic head varies spatially and is influenced by aquifer heterogeneity. Simulated annealing, a heuristic approach, is incorporated with the solution to simultaneously identify the pattern and values of the hydraulic conductivity for a horizontal multi-zone unconfined aquifer. This approach may be used to give an approximate result for a two-dimensional problem by dividing the model area into a number of transects along the transverse direction, identifying the parameter values along the longitudinal direction for each transect, and then smoothing the identified results.     

航空矢量重力测量中光纤陀螺随机漂移误差实时补偿方法

光纤陀螺随机漂移误差是影响航空矢量重力测量系统姿态解算精度的关键因素。建立模型并在输出中对其补偿是抑制该项误差的有效方法。针对传统ARMA模型只能对平稳随机漂移误差建模,且模型无法满足实时滤波需求的问题,本文引入适用于非平稳随机漂移误差的ARIMA模型,同时给出详细的建模过程,并提出采用实时平均算法消除原始采样序列中常值分量的思路,实现了随机漂移误差的实时Kalman滤波估计。基于本文所提出的模型和实时滤波算法,对光纤陀螺实测数据进行分析,结果表明处理后信号中随机漂移误差的方差减小了46.5%。Allan方差分析结果表明,滤波后角度随机游走系数和角速率随机游走系数分别降低了约50%和40%。本文的结果说明ARIMA模型能够准确描述陀螺的非平稳随机漂移误差。基于实时平均算法的Kalman滤波可实现随机漂移误差的在线估计,有望提高航空矢量重力测量系统的姿态解算精度。     

Data assimilation of satellite-based actual evapotranspiration in a distributed hydrological model of a controlled water system

Advances in earth observation (EO) and spatially distributed hydrological modelling provide an opportunity to improve modelling of controlled water systems. In a controlled water system human interference is high, which may lead to incorrect parameterisation in the model calibration phase. This paper analyses whether assimilation of EO actual evapotranspiration (ETa) data can improve discharge simulation with a spatially distributed hydrological model of a controlled water system. The EO ETa estimates are in the form of eight-day ETa composite maps derived from Terra/MODIS images using the ITA-MyWater algorithm. This algorithm is based on the surface energy balance method and is calibrated for this research for a low-lying reclamation area with a heavily controlled water system: the Rijnland area in the Netherlands. Data assimilation (DA) with the particle filter method is applied to assimilate the ETa maps into a spatially distributed hydrological model. The hydrological model and DA framework are applied using the open source software SIMGRO and PCRaster-Python respectively. The analysis is done for a period between July and October 2013 in which a high discharge peak followed a long dry-spell. The assimilation of EO ETa resulted in local differences in modelled ETa compared to simulation without data assimilation, while the area average ETa remained almost the same. The modelled cumulative discharge graphs, with and without DA, showed distinctive differences with the simulation, with DA better matching the measured cumulative discharge. The bias of simulated cumulative discharge to the observed data reduced from 14% to 4% when using DA of EO ETa. These results showed that assimilating EO ETa may not only be effective in the more common applications of soil moisture and crop-growth modelling, but also for improving discharge modelling of controlled water systems.     

顾及大气延迟误差的中长基线RTK算法

针对常规RTK作业距离一般不超过15km的问题,提出了一种顾及大气延迟误差的中长基线RTK的算法,突破了常规RTK作业距离。在中长基线情况下,与大气延迟有关的误差如电离层延迟误差、对流层延迟误差等,随着基线长度的增加,空间相关性大大降低,进而影响整周模糊度的快速解算。基于卡尔曼滤波算法,采用非组合差分定位模型,对于电离层延迟误差采用了电离层加权模型进行估计,对于对流层延迟分别采用了相对对流层延迟参数估计和绝对天顶对流层参数估计。最终通过实测数据对该算法进行了算法验证和结果分析。试验结果表明:该算法可以实现中长基线RTK的快速解算,并且在估计相对对流层延迟时,绝对天顶对流层参数估计不利于基准站和流动站的对流层延迟分离,一般采用估计流动站上的相对对流层延迟。     

改进的衰减记忆UKF算法在伪距定位中的研究

研究伪距定位中衰减记忆无迹卡尔曼滤波(MAUKF)方法,针对衰减记忆UKF滤波器可能因衰减因子引入造成滤波精度降低、滤波收敛速度并没有得到改善的问题,本文依据预测残差的统计量,对衰减记忆UKF滤波算法进行了改进。仿真结果表明,该算法相比衰减记忆UKF算法提高了定位精度和收敛速度。     

改进泊松算法的图像三维重建点云模型网格化

针对泊松表面重建算法在点云数据的网格化中仍不能有效满足"细节保持与噪声平滑"的平衡问题,该文提出了一种基于高斯滤波的改进泊松算法。通过将高斯滤波引入到点云数据等值面的向量场估计中,一方面实现了对点云拓扑结构的更准确估计以及对点云噪声的有效平滑;另一方面通过调节高斯滤波中的标准差参数,实现了对点云模型网格化的细节保持与噪声平滑的细微控制。以福州大学张孤梅雕像为实验对象,图像三维重建技术获得的点云数据作为数据源,利用改进的泊松算法进行点云网格化。结果表明,改进的泊松算法提高了网格模型的精确性与完整性,且在视觉上更好地逼近真实模型的细节,验证了改进算法的有效性。     

InSAR干涉图滤波方法对比

针对不同滤波算法在InSAR数据处理中去噪效果的差异,该文从滤波理论出发,采用模拟和真实干涉数据进行实验。在各种滤波算法中,均值滤波(多视处理)、Goldstein滤波及其变种滤波应用广泛,本文对4种滤波方法进行了系统分析,深入探讨了经典InSAR滤波和国内外学者算法的优缺点。实验表明:4种滤波均能有效抑制噪声,提升干涉图质量。其中,Goldstein滤波以及两种改进的滤波效果要明显优于均值滤波,且具有更好的自适应性或条纹保持能力,较经典Goldstein滤波而言,变种滤波方法不仅保持了Goldstein滤波的优点,在边缘信息和细节保持能力方面优势更加显著。     

ARMA模型的MEMS陀螺随机误差卡尔曼补偿方法

针对微机械(MEMS)陀螺仪的随机误差导致其输出信噪比低的问题,该文提出一种基于ARMA模型的随机误差卡尔曼补偿方法。该方法通过对MEMS陀螺仪输出的原始信号进行均值化处理和趋势项提取后,分别采用轮次检验法和Jarque Bera检验法对随机序列平稳性和正态性进行检验,建立时间序列ARMA模型并采用卡尔曼状态方程对陀螺随机漂移进行补偿。6次卡尔曼滤波对比实验结果表明,MEMS陀螺仪信号幅度随着滤波次数增加而减小,滤波后的均值由2.454 4E-4减小到-4.830 0E-5,标准差由1.654 7减小到0.003 6,随机漂移被有效抑制。     

基于TerraSolid的平原地区点云数据滤波方法

Terra Solid是处理机载激光雷达数据的常用软件。本文介绍了用Terra Solid软件对点云数据进行滤波的方法,解释了滤波过程中各参数的含义,通过实验比较了不同的参数设置对平原地区滤波结果的影响,最后,提出了对平原地区点云数据进行滤波的方案。