乡村生产空间系统要素构成及运行机制研究

乡村生产空间系统是一个客观存在的、典型的人地关系地域系统,具有耗散结构特征。论文以系统论为指导,遵循系统科学的基本思维方法,从学理上对乡村生产空间系统的内涵及要素构成进行辨析,并围绕农村生产关系变革划分了乡村生产空间系统的演进历程,在此基础上对乡村生产空间系统的运行机制进行阐释。研究发现,乡村生产空间系统主要由基础要素(资源环境和基础设施)、核心要素(多元经营主体和乡村文化)、驱动要素(资本、技术、信息和市场)和管理要素(制度和政策)4种要素构成;依据乡村生产关系变革、经济体制变迁、城乡关系转变等规律,将新中国成立后乡村生产空间系统的演进历程划分为土地改革运动时期、农业互助合作运动时期、人民公社化运动时期和家庭联产承包责任制时期4个时期,不同时期乡村生产空间系统的要素构成、要素间的联系方式不同,乡村生产空间系统特征表现各异;乡村生产空间系统通过支撑与约束机制、竞争与合作机制以及调控与反馈机制推动自身运行发展。从要素功能、结构关系、协同等视角去审视乡村生产空间系统的运行状态、诊断系统运行的动力机制或障碍因素等,将成为未来乡村生产空间系统研究的重点。     

A sedimentary record of the rise and fall of the metal industry in Bergslagen,south central Sweden

Detailed stratigraphic analyses of sediments deposited in Lake Botjärnen, a small boreal forest lake in the shield terrain of central Sweden, clearly reflect progressively increasing human impact on terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems following settlement and establishment of an iron industry in the 17th century. Rising frequencies of pollen and spores from light-demanding plants provide evidence of extensive forest clearance for charcoal and timber production, which peaked in the early 20th century. An associated increase in catchment erosion is reflected by changing carbon and nitrogen elemental content and carbon–isotope composition of sediment organic matter and by increased magnetic susceptibility of the sediments. Records of air-borne pollutants (lead, zinc and sulphur) can be correlated to the development of local and regional mining and metal industry as inferred from historical accounts. Rapid recession of the iron industry led to re-forestation and recovery of the aquatic nutrient status to pre-industrial conditions over the past 100 years. The chronology of the sediment succession, which is based on ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs radionuclide data in combination with radiocarbon dating, is confirmed by historical lead pollution trends established for the region.     

An adaptive finite element model for wellbore breakout simulation

A finite element formulation is proposed and implemented for analysing the stability of excavated wells using the DiMaggio-Sandler constitutive elastoplastic model with a typical carbonate reservoir configuration. The quality of the finite element approximation is ensured by applying smooth curved elements adapted to the wellbore geometry, and h − p adaptive finite element meshes in the plastic zone. General purpose procedures are defined to transfer the elastoplastic deformation history to newly created integration points. A breakout damage criterion is proposed based on the second invariant of the deviatoric plastic deformation tensor. This damage criterion is used to apply a mesh movement algorithm to represent material collapse. The automatic successive application of the breakout damage criterion results in elliptical realistically looking geometries obtained in experiments reported in the literature.     

内蒙古和林格尔新区核心区地下空间适宜性评价

本文以内蒙古和林格尔新区核心区为研究范围,利用已有调查数据,基于MapGIS平台,从水文地质、工程地质、不良地质及地貌4个方面选取9个因子组成了地下空间适宜性评价指标体系,采用层次分析法对研究区地下空间适宜性进行了评价。评价结果显示：研究区浅层地下空间较适宜区占总面积99.71%;中层地下空间较适宜区占总面积95.03%;深层地下空间较适宜区分布于研究区东南部,占总面积26.95%,次适宜区大面积分布于研究区中西部区域,占总面积72.27%。研究结果表明：研究区地下空间资源综合适宜性等级基本以较适宜、次适宜为主,区内不同竖向层次与不同区位地下空间资源的适宜性存在差异,资源条件总体上呈现\     

贵州习水洞子沟铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素特征与成因

贵州习水县洞子沟铅锌矿床位于桑木场背斜核部,矿体呈层状、似层状、脉状产出于灯影组白云岩中,矿石矿物以闪锌矿为主,脉石矿物主要为重晶石、白云石。对单矿物的微量元素ICP-MS分析结果表明,该矿床闪锌矿相对富集Cu、Zn、Pb、Ba、Ga、Ag、Ge等元素,而Mn、Fe、Cd、In、Mo、Se、Tl等相对较贫,其Ga/In(118.83~968.33)、Ge/In(471.88~14079.40),Zn/Cd(196.94~246.27),Zn/Fe(24.67~384.95)比值相似于中低温铅锌矿床闪锌矿,暗示其形成于中低温环境。总体上,洞子沟铅锌矿床闪锌矿微量元素组成特征与喷流沉积型、岩浆热液型铅锌矿床区别明显,而与一些典型MVT型铅锌矿(如马元铅锌矿、大梁子铅锌矿、天桥铅锌矿等)类似,结合该矿床地质特征,本文认为洞子沟铅锌矿成因类型属于非典型的MVT类型。     

Comment on: Mass Fractions of Forty‐Six Major and Trace Elements,Including Rare Earth Elements,in Sediment and Soil Reference Materials Used in Environmental Studies. Fiket et al. (2017), Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 41, 123–135

This paper is intended to be a constructive discussion of Fiket et al. (2017, Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research , 41 , 123–135), who dealt with the determination of major, trace and rare earth elements in several sediment and soil certified reference materials. In the present author's view, the paper by Fiket et al. (2017) suffers from a lack of reference to several publications in which somewhat similar results had already been reported. The present contribution therefore provides a comparison of previously published results with those of Fiket et al. for the CRMs soil NCS DC 77302 (GBW 07410), stream sediment NCS DC 73309 (GBW 07311), marine sediments MESS‐3 and NCS DC 75301 (GBW 07314) and estuarine sediment IAEA‐405. It is argued that this fuller consideration (a) allows critical evaluation of the quality of the results presented by Fiket et al. and (b) highlights the advantages of their work. Finally, attention is drawn to the (possible or real) problems that can arise during simultaneous determination of multiple trace elements.     

超细固体悬浮液进样-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定土壤中的微量元素

固体进样技术应用于土壤样品测量领域,一直受制于样品粒径的限制,无法应用在配有气动雾化器的分析仪器上。本文系统研究了土壤样品超细粉碎技术,在乙醇介质下,数分钟内将其粉碎至微米级,经此制成的固体悬浮液直接进行电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)测定,可以避免气动雾化器的堵塞。标准物质测定表明,样品粒径为6.8μm时,固体悬浮液进样仍然存在干扰,通过在固体悬浮液中加入少量氢氟酸和硝酸,对固体悬浮液进行改性,减小了固体悬浮液中固体颗粒粒径,从而减少了样品粒径的影响,可用ICP-MS测定土壤中锂铍钒铬镍铜锌铷锶镉铯钡铅等13个微量元素。经国家一级标准物质验证,本方法的最大相对误差在10.5%左右,多数元素的相对误差小于5%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于5.4%(镉元素除外),满足了DZ/G 0130—2006质量控制要求。     

石榴石微量元素地球化学及其在沉积物源分析中的应用

石榴石是沉积物中常见的重矿物,其可来源于多种岩石,而且不同类型母岩中石榴石具有多样的地球化学组成,因此碎屑石榴石的地球化学分析在沉积物源研究中应用广泛。通过电子探针分析可以容易地获得单颗粒碎屑石榴石的主量元素地球化学组成,可借此探讨其母岩类型,但也存在一定的局限性,比如中酸性火成岩和部分变沉积岩来源的石榴石通常都具有高Fe、Mn的特征,不易于区分。本文系统地收集了不同岩石类型的石榴石微量元素数据,尝试利用微量元素地球化学的差异性对碎屑石榴石物源分析进行补充。最终得出以下结论:(1)石榴石的稀土元素(REE)组成与钇(Y)元素指标可区分中酸性火成岩和变沉积岩来源的碎屑石榴石;(2)基性岩(橄榄岩、辉石岩)及所对应的变基性岩石(榴辉岩)中石榴石的微量元素地球化学组成相近,但部分橄榄岩来源的石榴石在镨/钬(Pr_N/Ho_N)值和重稀土总量(ΣHREE含量)上与辉石岩和榴辉岩的有显著差别,这一特点可运用于以基性岩母岩为主的碎屑沉积物源研究中;(3)夕卡岩中的石榴石在主量元素地球化学组成上表现为高度一致的高Ca特征,而稀土元素组成具有两种典型的分配模式,岩浆型(指示富铁、氧化环境)与热液型(指示富铝、还原环境)。综上所述,石榴石微量元素地球化学可以有效地运用于沉积物源分析研究中,是其主量元素物源分析方法的重要补充。     

漳州地热普查区地球化学异常的讨论

本文以漳州热田为例,通过对该区的地质及构造特征、地下热水分布、水化学特征及土壤地球化学异常的分析对照,论证了化探工作在地热勘查中的应用效果。同时,对热田的化探异常成因进行了初浅的探讨。