Analysis of Nitroaromatics and Nitramines in Ammunition Waste Water and in Aqueous Samples from Former Ammunition Plants and Other Military Sites Analyse von Nitroaromaten und Nitraminen in Munitionsabwasser und wäßrigen Proben ehemaliger Munitionsfabriken und anderen Rüstungsaltlasten

Waste water from ammunition production sites and aqueous samples (ground and surface water) on or near former military sites on which explosives were produced or filled, e.g. into shells, may be contaminated by the original explosives—mainly nitrotoluenes (such as dinitrotoluenes, trinitrotoluene (TNT)) and nitramines (such as hexogen (RDX), octogen (HMX), and tetryl) or hexyl, but also by byproducts and compounds formed by biodegradation of the explosives such as aminonitrotoluenes, chlorinated nitrobenzenes and nitrophenols. These compounds can be extracted from aqueous samples by liquid/liquid extraction (using dichloromethane or toluene) or by solid phase extraction using C-18 adsorbents with high recoveries (usually ≥85%) provided they contain only one amino group. Nitrotoluenes, chlorinated nitrobenzenes and aminonitrotoluenes (nitrotoluidines) may be determined by gas chromatography (GC) using selective detectors such as an electron capture detector (ECD), a nitrogen-phosphorus detector (NPD) or a chemiluminescence detector (thermal energy analyzer, TEA). The use of combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) under electron impact conditions is even more specific. Detection limits comparable to an ECD or NPD, however, are only achieved if the mass spectrometer is operated under selected ion monitoring (SIM). Nitrophenols are derivatized after extraction by heptafluorobutyric anhydride or by acetic anhydride where the latter method can be directly applied to the aqueous sample. The nitramine explosives, such as RDX, HMX, and tetryl, hexyl, the nitrate esters, such as nitropenta (PETN) and nitroguanidine as well as picric acid cannot, or only with difficulty, be analyzed by gas chromatography. They may be determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV-detection. The HPLC analysis can be extended to include also nitrotoluenes and nitroaminotoluenes.     

云南古猿系统分类研究新进展

已在云南4个地点发现晚中新世古猿化石：开远小龙潭，保山羊邑，禄丰石灰坝，元谋小河、竹棚、雷老。石灰坝和元谋是欧亚大陆发现古猿化石最丰富的地点，这些古猿蕴涵着重建晚新生代古猿进化史、生物地理和古生物学的重要信息。本文侧重介绍云南古猿的分类和命名，并对其系统关系和生物地理作初步分析。通过古猿化石形态模式及其变异程度的观察，初步认为：各个地点古猿化石分别代表了一个具有性二型的单一种。暂时认为禄丰石灰坝、开远小龙潭和元谋的古猿化石分别属于一个属内的两个种，其有效学名分别为Lufengpithecus lufengensis(石灰坝标本)和L．keiyuanensis(小龙潭和元谋标本)。从系统学观点看，有证据显示禄丰古猿属既为代表猩猩和人亚科共同姐妹单元原始的人科，也是代表猩猩亚科的原始姊妹单元，我们更趋向于赞同后一选择，但承认还需要通过进一步的综合对比研究来证实。迄今云南发现的古猿化石对研究人猿超科的进化历史提供独特的前景：晚中新世～上新世(8MaBP-2MaBP)时期，当人猿超科在欧亚大陆其它地区都已灭绝时，它们却连续地在云南出现。这表明中国南方或东南亚地区是人猿超科(包括猩猩和长臂猿的祖先)的一个重要的避难所。青藏高原的隆升及其对区域环境的影响，对古猿所造成的生态和地理隔离，可能是古猿在这一地区幸存的一个重要的主导因素。推测上新世中期以来气候环境的变化，以及可能稍后人类的到来，加速了大型古猿在中国南方和东南亚大陆的区域性灭绝。     

万佛山旅游发展SWOT分析及对策

通过对万佛山风景名胜区的旅游资源进行SWOT分析,对其优势、劣势、机会和威胁进行深入研究,构造万佛山旅游发展SWOT战略分析矩阵,并在此基础上提出发展万佛山旅游业的对策,对策有3方面：其一,打造丹霞景观与侗族风情相融合的特色旅游品牌;其二,打造万佛山、良山、丹霞山“红石”神韵的组合旅游精品;其三,打造具有红色历史底蕴的生态旅游线路。     

浙江良渚遗址群环境演变与人类活动的关系

良渚遗址群是距杭州市西北18 km的良渚镇和瓶窑镇毗邻地带间许多遗址的总称,代表了良渚文化发展的最高成就,是良渚文化的中心.根据在2007年发现的良渚古城墙外侧开挖的良渚北剖面、良渚西剖面沉积样品的粒度分析、孢粉分析数据,以及综合区域内多个剖面地层对比,恢复了该地区全新世环境的演变过程.研究表明,全新世良渚遗址群内环境...     

遥感技术在北京奥运场馆规划和审视中的应用

根据2008年北京奥运会提出的"人文奥运、绿色奥运、科技奥运"的理念,本文结合遥感领域的技术发展,提出了使用数字正射影像图对奥运场馆进行选址和规划; 使用城市热场分布图对绿地进行规划; 使用城市三维景观模型审视拟建场馆并进行场馆改建后展示的方法.同时,也介绍了基于航天航空影像的数字正射影像图、城市热场分布图及城市三维景观模型的制作过程,并通过相关事例证明遥感技术不仅可以为决策、规划和建设部门在奥运村的选址、规划、设计和建设工作时,提供相关的、科学的基础信息和决策信息,还可以保障奥运场馆规划、基础设施建设和相关区域改造的正确和科学性.     

中国世界遗产地保护与旅游需求关系

针对目前我国世界遗产地在保护和旅游开发中的矛盾 ,从人口压力、遗产地的空间结构、区域产业结构调整压力、潜在市场需求以及世界遗产地保护的资金需求角度 ,运用空间结构、计量地理学理论以及地理信息系统、问卷调查等技术手段 ,证实中国世界遗产地面临着旅游开发的巨大需求 ,进而论证了在我国对世界遗产地加强保护的必要性     

World Heritage in danger: Big data and remote sensing can help protect sites in conflict zones

World Heritage sites provide a key mechanism for protecting areas of universal importance. However, fifty-four UNESCO sites are currently listed as “In Danger”, with 40% of these located in the Middle East. Since 2010 alone, thirty new sites were identified as under risk globally. We combined big-data and remote sensing to examine whether they can effectively be used to identify danger to World Heritage in near real-time. We found that armed-conflicts substantially threaten both natural- and cultural-heritage listed sites. Other major risks include poor management and development (globally), poaching (Africa mostly) and deforestation (tropics), yet conflict is the most prominent threat. We show that news-mining of big-data on conflicts and remote sensing of nights-lights enabled us to identify conflict afflicted areas in near real-time. These findings provide a crucial avenue for developing a global transparent early-warning system before irreversible damage to world heritage takes place.     

我国西部世界遗产地门票价格变动对客源市场的影响——以甘肃省和四川省世界遗产地为例

旅游需求的显著特点之一是随时间变化而变化,定量研究和预测旅游需求随时间的变化,对世界遗产地的科学开发规划和经营决策具有重要的指导意义.选取甘肃和四川两省世界遗产地景点的门票价格,统计分析了世界遗产地门票价格变动对客源市场的调节作用,用时间结构分析模型探讨门票价格变动引起的客源市场季节性结构特征和年际结构特征.结果表明:门票价格的上涨对世界遗产地的客源市场在短期内具有一定影响,但长期影响不显著.要解决目前世界遗产地人满为患的困境,尚需积极寻求其它有效措施.     

Geoconservation for science and society: challenges and opportunities

Well managed and accessible geological and geomorphological sites are important to both science and society, for research, education, and, in some cases, for recreation. In this viewpoint paper we celebrate achievements in the field of geoconservation over the last 60 years since the first geological Sites of Special Scientific Interest were designated in the UK following the passing of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act in 1949. With a range of new political, social, economic and environmental challenges and opportunities coming to the fore, geoconservation now needs to innovate and adapt in order to sustain and enhance its influence and effectiveness. In advance of the 2011 Geologists’ Association Annual Meeting, Geoconservation for Science and Society: An Agenda for the 21st Century, we give our view on the challenges and opportunities facing geoconservation and the areas in which new approaches and partnerships are required to secure the long-term conservation of our geological and geomorphological heritage.     

Macassan/Indigenous Australian ‘sites of memory’ in the National Museum of Australia and Australian National Maritime Museum

For over two centuries people from Makassar on the Indonesian island of Sulawesi came to northern Australia with the onset of the northeast monsoon winds. They came in search of trepang that, with the help of Indigenous Australians, they collected and traded on to China. Their impact on the Indigenous communities in Arnhem Land was considerable. Along with sharing language, technology and culture, they built relationships, many ongoing, that are celebrated in Yolngu art, song and stories. These stories of contact are well known to many archaeologists and anthropologists but for many Australians the only place where they come into contact with these stories is in a museum display. In this paper I examine the ways in which these stories are disseminated by two national museums, the Australian National Maritime Museum in Sydney and the National Museum of Australia in Canberra. As important ‘lieux de mémoire’ or ‘sites of memory’, they tell of Macassan visits to northern Australia as part of Australian history. In both cases not only are the stories situated in the past but both Macassan and Indigenous Australian voices are largely absent.