细砂中钢带-填土废塑料瓶抗拔性能试验研究

研究利用填土废塑料瓶作为横向构件附在加筋土挡墙（MSEWs）中钢带上可行性。配筋中的横向构件对增加抗拔力有重要影响。该加筋系统是由作为纵向构件的钢带和作为横向构件的填土废塑料瓶组成。为更好地研究以填土废塑料瓶作为横向构件对抗拔性能的影响,对一条独立的钢带和分别带有1～7个瓶子的钢带进行了拉拔试验。在不同的法向应力下进行了超过18次的实验室大型拉拔试验（例如拉拔箱尺寸为长1.2 m、宽0.6 m、高1.0 m）来评估新提出的加固元件的性能。试验结果表明,在扁钢带上建立三维空间对提高抗拔阻力影响很大。提高抗拔阻力最有效的方法是在距离S与直径D之比为3的钢带上加入4个横向构件,其平均抗拔阻力约为单独钢带的5倍。有横向构件和无横向构件钢带的极限抗拔阻力随竖向应力的增大而增大。     

仿生孕镶金刚石钻头在漠河冻土区天然气水合物勘探钻进中的应用

仿生孕镶金刚石钻头具有高效、耐磨的特点,符合漠河天然气水合物勘探的要求及漠河钻探施工现场的条件。介绍了符合漠河地层特点的仿生孕镶金刚石钻头的设计与制造。同时对效果不理想的钻头的钻进情况进行了分析,提出了评价钻头性能时需要综合分析,从而客观、真实地反映钻头的实际钻进能力。漠河天然气水合物MK-2科学钻探试验井的钻进结果表明,仿生孕镶金刚石钻头的寿命比普通孕镶金刚石钻头长73%,钻速比普通孕镶金刚石钻头高22%。     

秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩承载性状试验研究

为了研究软岩地基桥桩的荷载传递性状、破坏机理,并获取在该地质条件下更为可靠的桩基计算参数,对秦巴山区软岩地基3根钻孔灌注试桩进行竖向静载试验。结果表明：秦巴山区软岩地基桥桩试桩荷载沉降曲线呈陡降型,实测竖向极限承载力为20 500kN,桩的破坏方式为桩身材料强度破坏;淤泥质亚黏土地层中的碎石起到一定的骨架作用,增强了此地层桩极限侧阻力,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土（岩）相对位移为4～8mm;强风化砾岩表现为加工软化型,发挥极限侧阻力所需的桩土（岩）相对位移为3～8mm;中风化砂砾岩表现为明显的加工硬化型,所需的桩岩相对位移大,且桩极限侧阻力的特征点不明显;淤泥质亚黏土地层桩侧阻力占总荷载的60%～70%,随着桩顶荷载的逐步加大,该地层桩侧阻力所占比例不断下降,而嵌岩段桩侧阻力所占比例逐渐上升,达到55%～65%,嵌岩段桩侧阻力沿桩深的分布曲线表现出非线性的特征;试桩为端承摩擦桩,桩端阻力约占桩顶荷载的20%左右,且未充分发挥,在上部结构允许的沉降范围内,适当增加桩端的沉降有利于端阻力的发挥;桩侧阻力先于端阻力发挥,建议单桩承载力设计时分别采用不同的端阻力和侧阻力安全系数。     

Simulation of chloride migration rates in Paleo Pennar Delta Region, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India

 Quaternary alluvial aquifers in the paleo Pennar delta region of Andhra Pradesh (Long. 80°0′ and 80°12′; Lat. 14°40′ and 14°20′) constitute an important coastal strip, with potential fresh groundwater resources and several well fields in operation. The lineament patterns and traces of paleo channels provide basic information on the configuration and boundaries of paleo delta and the possible neotectonic movements in the region. The paleo delta region is essentially characterized by freshwater aquifer systems at the near-surface depths, (up to 50 m from ground level) with transmissivity values in the system ranging from 1200 to 2500 m²/day. This groundwater system has been subjected to heavy draft situation over the last two decades, parlicularly near the outer rim of the delta where an unlined brackish-water canal runs parallel to the coast imparting chloride contamination to the adjoining fresh aquifers. A two-dimensional solute transport model solution was applied to assess chloride migration rates inland under different hydraulic stresses, combining finite difference solution of flow equation and the method of characteristic solution of solute transport equation. Groundwater flow and chloride migration patterns/rates were obtained for different simulated stress events in the delta system, and measures required to protect the freshwater resources ara outlined. Received: 2 January 1997 · Accepted: 4 November 1997     

钢纤维煤矸石混凝土抗冻性能及损伤模型研究

为研究钢纤维煤矸石混凝土的抗冻性能,以冻融循环次数和钢纤维掺量为主要变量,通过快速冻融试验,研究不同掺量的钢纤维煤矸石混凝土的表观形貌、质量损失、相对动弹性模量和抗压强度的变化规律;并依据钢纤维煤矸石混凝土动弹性模量的变化,定义钢纤维煤矸石混凝土的损伤变量,建立冻融环境下钢纤维煤矸石混凝土的损伤模型。研究结果表明：在冻融环境作用下掺入适量的钢纤维能够降低煤矸石混凝土的质量损失和减缓相对动弹性模量的下降,提高煤矸石混凝土的抗冻性能;依据损伤变量提出的损伤模型与试验数据符合较好,可以为冻融环境下钢纤维煤矸石混凝土的耐久性研究提供理论参考。     

沙波迎流面流速分布公式

为进一步揭示沙波水流运动特性及提高沙波迎流面流速计算精度,采用两种概化模型,通过小水深沙波水槽试验,运用声学多普勒流速仪,对沙波沿程及垂线流速分布进行了测量。基于乐培九次生流理论公式,结合沙波水流特性,假定次生流在沙波迎流面上处于一个不断发展演变的过程,提出了发展函数和修正函数,得到了适用于沙波迎流面的流速垂线分布公式。研究结果表明:相对水深越小,沙波地形对迎流面水流作用越显著,使得上部流速减小、近底流速增大,且越靠近波峰这种现象越明显;建立的沙波流速公式与实测值吻合较好,能够准确地反映出迎流面流速变化规律。     

结构性砂土海床管道上浮破坏的离散元模拟

借助离散单元法（DEM）建立海底管道上浮模型,模拟分析了不同胶结强度下胶结试样的力学特性;通过微观力学响应（局部变形、胶结点破坏分布和位移场）对海底管道上浮破坏机制进行分析;对比分析了海床砂土胶结强度对管道上浮土体破坏的影响（上浮抗力和地表隆起量）。结果表明：伴随土体变形和胶结破坏,上覆土体的渐进破坏主要集中在上覆土体区域内;土表隆起量随着管道上浮位移的增长而增长;胶结强度较高时,管道周围土体无回填行为,上覆土体有拉裂带形成,仅管道附近土体产生胶结破坏,峰值上浮抗力随海床砂土胶结强度的增加有显著提高     

Aeolian construction and alluvial dismantling of a fault‐bounded intracontinental aeolian dune field (Teruel Basin,Spain); a continental perspective on Late Pliocene climate change and variability

An aeolian dune field migrating to the east encroached on the toes of alluvial fans in the Teruel Basin (eastern Spain) during a short interval in the Late Pliocene (ca 2·9 to 2·6 Ma), when Northern Hemisphere glaciation and strong glacial–interglacial cycles began. Preservation of the dune field was controlled by syn‐sedimentary activity of a normal fault. Ephemeral water discharge eroded aeolian sands and formed V‐shaped channels in which aeolian sandstone blocks accumulated. The incorporation of loose aeolian sand in wadi waters modified the sediment/water ratio, changing the physical properties of the flows as they penetrated the aeolian dune field. The erosion and cover of aeolian dune foresets by sheetflood deposits suggest that dune‐damming caused the intermittent ponding of water behind the dunes and its flashy release. The arid climate in the Late Pliocene western Mediterranean realm favoured the transport of windblown sediments from northern Africa and western Mediterranean land masses into the Mediterranean. The formation of the studied aeolian dune field (2·9 to 2·6 Ma) and possibly others (for example, the Atacama, Namib and Sahara deserts) correlates with a strong increase of the influence of obliquity, which can be attributed to the combination of a regional expression related to the reduced effect of precession due to a minimum in the long‐period (2·3 Ma) eccentricity cycle and a remote expression of the onset of the Northern Hemisphere glaciation.     

桩锚直径等对水泥土桩锚墙支护影响

土体采用双曲硬化模型,水泥土桩墙和水泥土桩锚采用弹塑性模型,计算分析了水泥土桩锚直径和长度对水泥土桩锚墙支护结构的影响。计算结果显示,在计算条件下,桩锚直径大于400 mm时,桩锚在饱和软黏土中的置换、占位、加筋效果明显,控制墙顶水平位移和墙后土体沉降效果显著,桩锚直径小于200 mm时,将失去置换、占位、加筋作用,从而降低对墙后土体的主动加固效果。桩锚长度达到开挖深度的1.6倍时,能有效控制墙顶水平位移以及墙后土体沉降,桩锚长度超过1.6倍开挖深度以后,控制水平位移和墙后土体沉降的效果不明显。经与同一基坑的监测数据对比,计算值与实测值重复性好、规律性好。     

高阻溶洞上高密度电法与高密度联合剖面法异常响应特征研究

为探讨高密度电法与联合剖面法寻找高阻溶洞的效果,利用水槽模型试验及野外现场实测方法,总结了高密度电法常用排列方式、不同成图方法在高阻溶洞上的异常响应特征,讨论了异常体地表投影位置及中心埋深的确定方法。提出探测高阻溶洞采用高密度电法温纳排列（α1）、β排列和高密度联合剖面三种方法的最佳组合方法。