运用图型动力学观点研究地震的孕育与发生

从细观损伤力学及损伤演化的角度探索地震活动中的演化诱致发震是一种全新的方法.本文简要介绍了细观损伤演化诱致突变理论和图型动力学的基本原理,并对首都圈地区张家口-渤海地震带上ML 5.0以上地震进行分析研究.结果表明,实际震例与图型动力学理论存在较好的一致性,按演化的最终状态可分为两种演化模式,即整体稳定模式(GS模)和演化诱致突变模式(EIC模),两模式间没有明显界限,存在过渡区,过渡区明确给出了地震孕育过程的不确定性和随机影响的作用.此研究为地震预报提供了更为科学的思路和方法.     

GPS天线阵列接收机及其配套软件

介绍GPS天线阵列接收机产生的背景,简述GPS天线阵列接收机的工作原理和系统的组成,包括PDA控制系统、GPS信号放大器、无线传输系统。重点论述配套的处理软件和在线灾害监测分析系统,指出该接收机及其配套软件具有成本低廉、实用性强、安全性高、预测模型先进等优点,展望了其在灾害监测方面很好的市场推广前景。     

Joint Inversion of the 3D P Wave Velocity Structure of the Crust and Upper Mantle under the Southeastern Margin of the Tibetan Plateau Using Regional Earthquake and Teleseismic Data

The special seismic tectonic environment and frequent seismicity in the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau show that this area is an ideal location to study the present tectonic movement and background of strong earthquakes in mainland China and to predict future strong earthquake risk zones. Studies of the structural environment and physical characteristics of the deep structure in this area are helpful to explore deep dynamic effects and deformation field characteristics, to strengthen our understanding of the roles of anisotropy and tectonic deformation and to study the deep tectonic background of the seismic origin of the block's interior. In this paper, the three-dimensional(3D) P-wave velocity structure of the crust and upper mantle under the southeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau is obtained via observational data from 224 permanent seismic stations in the regional digital seismic network of Yunnan and Sichuan Provinces and from 356 mobile China seismic arrays in the southern section of the north–south seismic belt using a joint inversion method of the regional earthquake and teleseismic data. The results indicate that the spatial distribution of the P-wave velocity anomalies in the shallow upper crust is closely related to the surface geological structure, terrain and lithology. Baoxing and Kangding, with their basic volcanic rocks and volcanic clastic rocks, present obvious high-velocity anomalies. The Chengdu Basin shows low-velocity anomalies associated with the Quaternary sediments. The Xichang Mesozoic Basin and the Butuo Basin are characterised by lowvelocity anomalies related to very thick sedimentary layers. The upper and middle crust beneath the Chuan–Dian and Songpan–Ganzi Blocks has apparent lateral heterogeneities, including low-velocity zones of different sizes. There is a large range of low-velocity layers in the Songpan–Ganzi Block and the sub–block northwest of Sichuan Province, showing that the middle and lower crust is relatively weak. The Sichuan Basin, which is located in the western margin of the Yangtze platform, shows high-velocity characteristics. The results also reveal that there are continuous low-velocity layer distributions in the middle and lower crust of the Daliangshan Block and that the distribution direction of the low-velocity anomaly is nearly SN, which is consistent with the trend of the Daliangshan fault. The existence of the low-velocity layer in the crust also provides a deep source for the deep dynamic deformation and seismic activity of the Daliangshan Block and its boundary faults. The results of the 3D P-wave velocity structure show that an anomalous distribution of high-density, strong-magnetic and high-wave velocity exists inside the crust in the Panxi region. This is likely related to late Paleozoic mantle plume activity that led to a large number of mafic and ultra-mafic intrusions into the crust. In the crustal doming process, the massive intrusion of mantle-derived material enhanced the mechanical strength of the crustal medium. The P-wave velocity structure also revealed that the upper mantle contains a low-velocity layer at a depth of 80–120 km in the Panxi region. The existence of deep faults in the Panxi region, which provide conditions for transporting mantle thermal material into the crust, is the deep tectonic background forthe area's strong earthquake activity.     

散粒粗糙床面的当量糙率尺度特征

为揭示散粒粗糙床面的当量糙率尺度特征,采用4种散粒粗糙床面开展了8组粒子图像测速法(PIV)水槽明渠紊流试验,探讨了理论床面位置、当量糙率尺度和阻力系数的沿程分布规律,分析了当量糙率尺度与阻力系数的内在关系。结果表明:(1)散粒粗糙床面明渠水流特性沿程可分为颗粒区和粒间区,各区的理论床面位置参数ξ、相对当量糙率尺度k_s0和阻力系数f具有显著差异,颗粒区0. 65≤ξ≤0. 85,k_s0波动明显,f较大;粒间区ξ=1,k_s0变化相对平缓,f较小。(2) k_s0沿程平均值与颗粒直径d成正比,与排列间距Lx及水流雷诺数Re成反比,在d、Lx及Re相同时,梅花形排列的k_s0大于矩形排列。(3) f随k_s0呈递增变化,变化特性与相对光滑度h/d密切相关。研究成果可为散粒粗糙床面沿程阻力系数确定提供科学参考。     

Magnetic viscosity effect on TEM data of an array with a fixed transmitter loop

In this paper, we present and discuss the results of modeling of the transient induction processes observed at different distances from the center of a transmitter loop in studies of a two-layer earth in which the magnetic susceptibility of the top layer or the base depends on frequency. Profiling graphs (the offset is plotted on the abscissa, and the EMF induced in the receiver coil at a fixed time is plotted on the ordinate) show that the polarity of the EMF changes as the offset increases. For the model with a magnetic layer of any thickness, the polarity of the EMF reverses immediately after the receiver crosses the loop wire. For the model with a magnetic base, the offset at which the EMF polarity reversal occurs is the larger the greater the thickness of the layer. For both models, the EMF at a fixed time depends on the thickness of the layer and the offset. Particularly strong dependence of the EMF on layer thickness or offset is observed near the loop side. Therefore, measurements near the wire make it possible to determine the thickness of the layer in the case where it is much less than the length of the loop side. The overall effect of magnetic relaxation and transient eddy currents leads to the fact that small changes in the layer thickness or offset can lead to a dramatic change in the transient response.     

基于ADS40数据的彩色影像合成

ADS40是线阵数码航空摄影机的典型代表,具有十分广阔的应用前景。ADS40的三个不同投影方向的单波段影像需要进行彩色合成,来满足提取信息的需要和更广泛的应用。本文根据ADS40单波段影像自身的特点,采用了特殊的彩色影像合成方法,合成了令人满意的真彩色影像。     

高分辨率三线阵卫星遥感影像的区域网平差算法与试验

简述高分辨率遥感卫星影像的几何定位处理过程,分析了区域网平差的必要性。结合线阵传感器的成像特点,对传感器严格几何模型、卫星轨道模型、传感器内方位误差模型进行研究,初步建立了高分辨率遥感卫星的平差数学模型。采用区域网平差方法对内方位元素和外方位元素进行解算,并利用资源三号卫星线阵影像和ALOS PRISM线阵影像进行试验。试验结果表明,对高分辨率遥感卫星线阵传感器进行区域网平差可以有效提高卫星影像的几何定位精度。     

海岸带及岛礁数字航空摄影传感器性能及选型研究

研究了当前国际上3种主流数字航空摄影传感器ADS40/80、DMC及UCXp,并分析三者的成像原理及关键技术,从多个方面进行评估和比较。针对海岸带及岛礁航空摄影的需求,对传感器的选型进行了研究,为获取满足海洋测绘指标要求的航空摄影数据源提供支持。     

基于RPC模型的线阵卫星影像核线排列及其几何关系重建

针对核线影像无几何模型的问题,提出基于有理多项式系数(Rational Polynomial Coefficient,RPC)模型,利用投影轨迹法制作线阵推扫式卫星核线影像及其几何模型的重建方法。利用SPOT 5 HRG、CBERS 2-03异轨立体像对和SPOT 5 HRSI、RS P5、GeoEyeI、KONOS同轨立体像对重建的核线影像几何模型上下视差的中误差在0.2个像元之内;利用重建几何模型和原始影像几何模型进行前方交会计算所得到的地面点平面中误差在1 m之内,高程中误差在0.3 m之内,验证了本文方法的可靠性。     

Advanced sensitivity calibration of the Los Angeles strong motion array

Results are presented of recent sensitivity calibration of 76 accelerographs (SMA-1) of the Los Angeles Strong Motion Array. These have pendulum-like transducers and optical recording system. One characteristic of their design is off-axis sensitivity, which is magnified by transducer misalignment. A new calibration procedure was applied, which considers off-axis sensitivity and measures the angles of misalignment (φ and ψ), as well as the incident angle of the light beam onto the film (θ₀). These are required (1) for accurate estimation of sensitivity, and (2) for proper instrument correction of recorded accelerograms which considers also cross-axis sensitivity and misalignment. These effects are important near large acceleration peaks (approaching and exceeding 1g), e.g. like the ones recorded near the source of the 1994 Northridge earthquake (M_L=6·4). This earthquake was recorded by 65 stations of the Los Angeles Strong Motion Array, at epicentral distances from 2 to 85 km. Histograms showing distribution of the misalignment angles, light beam incidence angle θ₀ (for unloaded position) and the transducer sensitivities are presented. These indicate that the misalignment angles are typically 1–1·5°, but may also be 3–4°. Angle θ₀ (usually neglected), is mostly between ±8°, but may reach ±12°. Assuming θ₀=0 leads to systematically smaller values of the measured sensitivity (e.g. by ∼3% for θ₀=8° and ∼4% for θ₀=12°). Comparison of the newly measured sensitivities with those measured prior to installation (in 1979/1980), s^old, shows that, in general, the new values are systematically smaller. The difference is typically within 5 per cent, but in some cases is as large as 10 per cent. Other principal sources of the observed differences and their mechanisms are discussed. Those include long-term changes in the transducers (e.g. change of stiffness, reflected in changes of the natural frequency) and differences in the calibration procedure (e.g. errors associated with manual reading film records with tilt test data, and with transducer and instrument housing misalignment). The presented results may be considered typical of similar strong motion arrays worldwide. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.