Array processing-a new method to detect and correct errors on array resistivity logging tool measurements

In recent years more and more multi-array logging tools, such as the array induction and the array lateralog, are applied in place of conventional logging tools resulting in increased resolution, better radial and vertical sounding capability and other features. Multi-array logging tools acquire several times more individual measurements than conventional logging tools. In addition to new information contained in these data, there is a certain redundancy among the measurements. The sum of the measurements actu- ally composes a large matrix. Providing the measurements are error-free, the elements of this matrix show certain consistencies. Taking advantage of these consistencies, an innovative method is developed to de- tect and correct errors in the array resistivity logging tool raw measurements, and evaluate the quality of the data. The method can be described in several steps. First, data consistency patterns are identified based on the physics of the measurements. Second, the measurements are compared against the consis- tency patterns for error and bad data detection. Third, the erroneous data are eliminated and the measure- ments are re-constructed according to the consistency patterns. Finally, the data quality is evaluated by comparing the raw measurements with the re-constructed measurements. The method can be applied to all array type logging tools, such as array induction tool and array resistivity tool. This paper describes the method and illustrates its application with the High Definition Lateral Log (HDLL, Baker Atlas) instru- ment. To demonstrate the efficiency of the method, several field examples are shown and discussed.     

Earthquake source model using strong motion displacement as response of finite elastic media

The strong motion displacement records available during an earthquake can be treated as the response of the earth as the a structural system to unknown forces acting at unknown locations. Thus, if the part of the earth participating in ground motion is modelled as a known finite elastic medium, one can attempt to model the source location and forces generated during an earthquake as an inverse problem in structural dynamics. Based on this analogy, a simple model for the basic earthquake source is proposed. The unknown source is assumed to be a sequence of impulses acting at locations yet to be found. These unknown impulses and their locations are found using the normal mode expansion along with a minimization of mean square error. The medium is assumed to be finite, elastic, homogeneous, layered and horizontal with a specific set of boundary conditions. Detailed results are obtained for Uttarkashi earthquake. The impulse locations exhibit a linear structure closely associated with the causative fault. The results obtained are shown to be in good agreement with reported values. The proposed engineering model is then used to simulate the acceleration time histories at a few recording stations. The earthquake source in terms of a sequence of impulses acting at different locations is applied on a 2D finite elastic medium and acceleration time histories are found using finite element methods. The synthetic accelerations obtained are in close match with the recorded accelerations.     

Wavenumber response of Shanghai Seismic array

Seismic array can be traced back to 1950s when it mainly aimed at detecting and distinguishing the signals of nuclear explosion and seismic signals. The research on seismic array includes seismic array techniques and applications of array in geophysics. Array techniques involve array design and data processing methods (Anne, 1990). Nowadays, the continuous development of seismic array￠s theory could relate to many scientific issues in geophysical field (Tormod, 1989; Mykkeltveit, Bungum, 1984). Seismic array is mainly applied to detect weak events. The response characteristic of array is an important indication of array￠s detection ability. Therefore, when we study an array or construct an array, one of the neces-sary works is to calculate the response characteristics of the array (Harjes, 1990). The aperture and layout of array are two dominating geometrical features. The typical aperture of interna-tional array is generally from several to tens kilometers. For instance, arrays with aperture of dozens kilometers aperture are KSA, WRA, YKA, etc, while arrays with several kilometer aperture are ARC, FIN, GEE, etc. Moreo-ver, in the view of array￠s layout, NOR, GER, etc have circle layout, while WRA, YKA, etc have decussating layout. This paper mainly discusses the relation between deployment of array and wavenumber response. With the example of constructing Shanghai Seismic Array, this paper provides one practical solution to search the proper array deployment. In this paper, the simple delay beam technique is adopted to calculate the response characteris-tics of array. Certainly, the different processing methods have different result, but the result from the simple delay beam processing could be enough to reflect the feature of an array.     

唐山响堂三维场地影响观测台阵

１９９４年７月中国地震局工程力学研究所在唐山余震区响堂镇建成了我国第一个三维场地影响观测台阵。该台阵目前有四个测点,分别布设在基岩地表、土层地表、地下１７ｍ和地下３２ｍ处。它安装了分辨率为１６位的井下数字观测系统,主机和从机同步运行,系统时钟采用Ｏｍｅｇａ导航信号自动校对（精度１ｍｓ）,地震数据采用固态方式（ＣＭＯＳ）存储,每个测点均布设一组 量力平衡式加速度计。该台阵自投入运行至１９９７年１２月     

Geomagnetic depth sounding over the Singhbhum and the surrounding regions of eastern India

Magnetovariational studies have been carried out in Singhbhum and surrounding regions during 1987 and 1989. Three deep-seated linear conductors have been identified. One of them is located to the north of Ranchi, Bokaro and Purulia extending in E-W direction coinciding with high heat flow region and Gondwana sediments. The trend of anomaly at Ranchi and Purulia at longer periods suggests a conductivity anomaly due to the mafic and ultramafic intrusions, considered to be responsible for the uplift of Chhotanagpur plateau. The second conductor is associated with the basin margin fault that separates the Singhbhum craton and Chhotanagpur plateau from the West Bengal basin. This conductive zone appears to extend further south and join the high heat flow region of Attri-Tarabalo. This conductor could be isolated only after eliminating the coast effect from the observed induction vectors. The third conductive zone follows the trend of Mahanadi valley located south of the Sukinda thrust. Conductive anomaly associated with the Sukinda and Singhbhum thrust zones could not be resolved due to the interference from neighbouring conductive structures. These two thrusts may not be very deep-seated structures. The Singhbhum granite batholith is found to be highly resistive and seems to extend to greater depths.     

S-wave velocity structures of sediments estimated from array microtremor records and site responses in the near-fault region of the 1999 Chi-Chi,Taiwan earthquake

The 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan earthquake, M_W = 7.6, caused severe damage in the near-fault region of the earthquake. In order to evaluate site effects in the near-field strong motions we estimate S-wave velocity structures of sediments at four sites using array records of microtremors. We also recalculated S-wave velocity structures at other four sites previously reported. To show the validity of the estimated S-wave velocity structures we separate empirical site responses from aftershock records using the generalized inversion method and show the agreement between empirical and theoretical site responses. We also show an observed fact that suggests soil nonlinearity during the Chi-Chi earthquake by comparing horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios (HVRs) for main shock records with HVRs for aftershock records. Then we calculate one-dimensional equivalent-linear site responses using the estimated S-wave velocity structures and the main shock records observed on the surface. It is found that site amplification due to thick (about 6 km) sediments is one of the important factors for explaining the long-period velocity pulses of about 5 to 10 sec observed at sites in the footwall during the Chi-Chi earthquake. It is also found that the theoretical site responses of shallow soft sediments at sites that sustained severe damage in the hanging wall shows significant amplification around 1 sec. As the amplitude of velocity pulses with period around 1 sec is most critical in causing damage to ordinary buildings of moderate heights, our results suggest that the 1-sec period velocity pulses, amplified by the site response of shallow sediments should contribute to the severe damage during the Chi-Chi earthquake.     

卫星三线阵CCD影像光束法平差研究

简单回顾了“定向片法”和“EFP法”计算外方位元素的原理 ,指出仅仅利用三线阵CCD影像及地面控制点的空中三角测量 ,不能实现单航线角隅各一个控制点的平差计算模型与实地的相似性 (不计像点观测误差 )。利用EFP法空中三角测量的原理 ,进一步分析了其原因 ,提出了在相邻EFP像片之间增设连接点 ,同时要求在航线首末基线范围内的连接点带地面坐标或连接点在其左、右EFP像片上的坐标之一是其真中心投影坐标。在其控制下 ,平差结果实现了包括基线数B =2在内的单航线平差计算的模型基本与实地相似 ,并列出了在多种情况下利用计算机模拟数据进行平差精度统计的结果。最后就解决连接点真中心投影坐标获取问题 ,对三线阵CCD相机提出了附加要求 ,即在正视CCD线阵右侧附加两个 1 5 0 0像元× 1 5 0 0像元 (或更小 )的CCD面阵的构想方案