浑善达克沙地风蚀坑形态特征及其影响因素

风蚀坑是沙质草原固定沙地活化的主要表现形式,其持续活化的结果将导致沙漠化扩展和生态环境恶化。采用实地测量方法,测定了129个风蚀坑走向、长度、宽度等形态指标。研究表明：① 研究区风蚀坑形态特征受NW、SW和W 3个风向的综合影响;② 风蚀坑走向呈WNW-ESE（112.5°）走向,有74.5%的风蚀坑走向（100°~120°）与SW风垂直,和W风呈20°左右的夹角,并影响风蚀坑的几何形状特征;③ 按风蚀坑长宽比值所反映的几何形状,可划分为卵圆形、长条形、狭长形和带形风蚀坑;依风蚀坑的地表形态特征,可划分为碟形、梯形、沟谷形、杯形和坡形5种风蚀坑。     

Adjustment of Wind Waves to Sudden Changes of Wind Speed

An experiment was conducted in a small wind-wave facility at the Ocean Engineering Laboratory, California, to address the following question: when the wind speed changes rapidly, how quickly and in what manner do the short wind waves respond? To answer this question we have produced a very rapid change in wind speed between U _low (4.6 m s^?1) and U _high (7.1 m s^?1). Water surface elevation and air turbulence were monitored up to a fetch of 5.5 m. The cycle of increasing and decreasing wind speed was repeated 20 times to assure statistical accuracy in the measurement by taking an ensemble mean. In this way, we were able to study in detail the processes by which the young laboratory wind waves adjust to wind speed perturbations. We found that the wind-wave response occurs over two time scales determined by local equilibrium adjustment and fetch adjustment, Δt ₁/T = O(10) and Δt ₂/T = O(100), respectively, in the current tank. The steady state is characterized by a constant non-dimensional wave height (H/gT ² or equivalently, the wave steepness for linear gravity waves) depending on wind speed. This equilibrium state was found in our non-steady experiments to apply at all fetches, even during the long transition to steady state, but only after a short initial relaxation Δt ₁/T of O(10) following a sudden change in wind speed. The complete transition to the new steady state takes much longer, Δt ₂/T of O(100) at the largest fetch, during which time energy propagates over the entire fetch along the rays (dx/dt = c _g) and grows under the influence of wind pumping. At the same time, frequency downshifts. Although the current study is limited in scale variations, we believe that the suggestion that the two adjustment time scales are related to local equilibrium adjustment and fetch adjustment is also applicable to the ocean.     

西沙周边海域海平面异常变化特征及成因分析

Based on the analysis of wind,ocean currents,sea surface temperature(SST) and remote sensing satellite altimeter data,the characteristics and possible causes of sea level anomalies in the Xisha sea area are investigated.The main results are shown as follows:(1) Since 1993,the sea level in the Xisha sea area was obviously higher than normal in 1998,2001,2008,2010 and 2013.Especially,the sea level in 1998 and 2010 was abnormally high,and the sea level in 2010 was 13.2 cm higher than the muti-year mean,which was the highest in the history.In 2010,the sea level in the Xisha sea area had risen 43 cm from June to August,with the strength twice the annual variation range.(2) The sea level in the Xisha sea area was not only affected by the tidal force of the celestial bodies,but also closely related to the quasi 2 a periodic oscillation of tropical western Pacific monsoon and ENSO events.(3)There was a significant negative correlation between sea level in the Xisha sea area and ENSO events.The high sea level anomaly all happened during the developing phase of La Ni?a.They also show significant negative correlations with Ni?o 4 and Ni?o 3.4 indices,and the lag correlation coefficients for 2 months and 3 months are–0.46 and –0.45,respectively.(4) During the early La Ni?a event form June to November in 2010,the anomalous wind field was cyclonic.A strong clockwise vortex was formed for the current in 25 m layer in the Xisha sea area,and the velocity of the current is close to the speed of the Kuroshio near the Luzon Strait.In normal years,there is a "cool eddy".While in 2010,from July to August,the SST in the area was 2–3°C higher than that of the same period in the history.     

风浪作用下水生植物对水流结构的影响——以太湖中两种典型沉水植物为例

为研究风浪作用下水生植物对水流结构的影响，选取太湖中两种典型沉水植物（苦草与马来眼子菜）为研究对象，分别对苦草植物斑块与马来眼子菜植物斑块内外水体的瞬时流速进行野外现场测量，利用瞬时流速的能量谱分布将波浪流速与紊动流速分离，分别分析水生植物对时均流速、波浪流速以及紊动能的影响。风浪影响下，水体中存在流向与测量时近水面处盛行风向一致的水流；波浪流速以垂向流速为主，且波浪流速自水面向床底逐渐减小；紊动能在水面处达到最大值，并向床底方向逐渐减小。与无植被条件相比，苦草与马来眼子菜的存在减小了时均流速、波浪流速以及紊动能。两种植物形态上的差异，导致其对水流结构的影响不同：苦草叶片阻流面积在冠层中部达到最大，使得时均流速与波浪流速在苦草中部位置的减小程度最大；马来眼子菜叶片主要集中于冠层顶部（水面附近），其对时均流速以及波浪流速的减小作用在水面处达到最大。     

基于土地利用和RWEQ模型的内蒙古防风固沙服务评价（英文）

内蒙古是我国北方重要的生态屏障区,在区域生态系统防风固沙中发挥了重要的作用。本研究基于RWEQ模型模拟了内蒙古2010年和2015年生态系统防风固沙物质量,通过恢复成本法估算了其价值量,分析了内蒙古各盟市以及各生态系统防风固沙物质量和价值量变化的空间格局。结果表明2015年内蒙古防风固沙物质量和价值量总量分别为73.87亿t和738.66亿元,相比于2010年共减少了4.61亿t和46.16亿元。在各盟市中,锡林郭勒盟防风固沙总量最高,2015年达18.65亿t,乌海市最少,呼伦贝尔市防风固沙总量增长幅度最大,达4.37亿t;在各生态系统中草地生态系统防风固沙总量最高,占比在55%以上,但总量降低了1.05亿t,森林生态系统防风固沙增长量最高,达0.19亿t。结合生态系统变化及造林实施情况分析,发现造林等工程的投入实施通过增加森林面积、提升森林质量等有效增加了防风固沙物质量,但不合理的土地利用导致沙漠化土地的增加造成了内蒙古防风固沙量的显著降低。     

海面热带气旋域内风速分布

在原始方程中引入藤田气压模式、最大风速半径和风向内偏角等因子,经过合理的简化,推导出了适合计算海面热带气旋域内风速分布的公式。检验表明,该方法的计算结果与强、弱、西行或北上转向型的热带气旋的观测风场基本相符,对环境气压受副热带高压明显影响的热带气旋风场的计算效果尤好。     

高分辨率数值模式在风能资源评估中的应用初探

针对现有气象测站分布数量有限, 尤其是沿江沿海地带测站稀少的现状, 对数值模式在风能资源评估中的应用进行了尝试。首先利用TAPM数值模式对上海地区的风场作了数值模拟计算; 然后利用同步的气象站观测资料对风速模拟结果进行统计释用订正处理, 提高了模式计算结果的准确性和可靠性; 最后得到了分辨率为3 km的上海全年平均风速和风功率密度分布信息。这些结果为上海地区风能资源分析评估及风电场规划选址工作提供了科学依据, 同时也说明将统计释用的数值模拟结果应用到风能资源评估工作中是可行的。     

北京“7.21”特大暴雨环流形势极端性客观分析

2012年7月21日(简称“7.21”),北京发生了自1951年以来最强的暴雨事件。利用倾斜旋转T模态主成分分析法和美国国家环境预报中心/美国国家大气研究中心再分析资料,探讨了北京“7.21”特大暴雨的大尺度环流形势的极端性。结果表明,北京“7.21”暴雨日所属的大尺度环流型在1951—2012年夏季出现的频率为10.9%,而在“7.21”同类环流型中暴雨出现的概率为4.51%。和同类暴雨日平均场相比,“7.21”暴雨日当天西太平洋副热带高压西伸更强,北京地区对流层低空急流更强,并伴随环境大气中极端充沛的可降水量和较大的风垂直切变。在“7.21”同类环流型下的621 d中,“7.21”暴雨日北京南侧的低空急流排在第54位,北京局地风垂直切变排在第209位,可降水量排在第8位,显示出其在低空急流和可降水量上的极端性。1951—2012年夏季,具有“7.21”暴雨日同类环流形势、且925 hPa低空急流和可降水量均达到或超过“7.21”暴雨日值的个例有3次,相当于每21年发生一次。     

Younger Dryas Glaciation in Söderåsen, South Sweden: An Analysis of Meteorologic and Topographic Controls

In Söderåsen, South Sweden, various geomorphological investigations indicate that small, local glaciers were initiated at very low altitudes within the Skäralid rock canyon during the Younger Dryas period. Wind polish on boulders indicates that this period was characterised by easterly winds and drifting snow. Some new field observations are presented and the Söderåsen Younger Dryas reglaciation hypothesis is tested by means of empirical knowledge on glacier equilibrium line climate and an analytic geographical information system (GIS) experiment. The GIS analysis demonstrates that the deeply incised rock canyon represents a pronounced radiation shelter, while the empirical analysis emphasises the importance of strong snow drift from the east during the winter. Together, the two analyses indicate that the inferred Söderåsen Younger Dryas reglaciation is possible from a palaeoclimatic point of view, although conditions for glaciation may have been marginal to those of rock glacier initiation.