2015年尼泊尔MW7.9地震应力状态与余震空间分布规律

本文利用2015年尼泊尔M_W7.9地震断层面滑动位移分布的运动学反演结果,通过傅里叶变换法得到了主断层面上的两分量应力状态,并研究了余震的空间分布和断层面上应力状态之间的关系.发现滑动位移分布与应力状态分布都相对较为集中,大约70%的余震分布在应力变化为正的区域,而其余发生在应力降区域的余震,又大多发生在应力变化梯度较大的地区.为了得到一个更符合实际的滑动模型来解释余震的触发机制,我们计算了波数域中滑动位移和应力状态的傅里叶谱,发现此次地震的滑动位移和应力状态近似满足k^-3和k^-2衰减.我们利用简化的圆盘模型说明了非均匀应力变化下的衰减过程,计算了圆盘模型的有效半径r_e约等于0.7倍的圆盘半径.这就说明圆盘模型中应力增加的部分应该占整个圆盘破裂面积的51%.在本次尼泊尔M_W7.9地震实例中,断层面上应力状态为负的区域比滑动位移为正的区域有了明显地缩小.事实表明,余震可以发生在有滑动位移的区域,非均匀应力降模型比均匀应力降模型更加接近真实的震源破裂过程.     

尾波干涉法在汶川地震余震定位中的应用

中小地震的震源位置及其变化对于研究地震构造、 断层性质以及地震应力场的演化等问题都有极为重要的意义。 然而以HypoDD双差定位法为代表的常规定位方法对地壳速度结构要求很高, 且受台站分布影响较大。 而尾波干涉法不需要了解速度模型的精细结构, 只要求速度结构中存在各向不均一性散射体即可, 且对台站分布要求低, 因此适合应用在中小地震的相对位置变化的研究上。 本文以汶川地震余震为例, 研究利用尾波干涉法确定相似地震相对位置的可行性及其稳定性, 并将其结果与双差法进行了比较。 发现当台站分布较好时, 其结果与双差法所得结果较为一致, 而当台站分布较差时, 尾波干涉法所得结果更为可靠。     

基于震动图的地震应急专题图编制——以2014年2月12日新疆于田Ms7．3地震余震分布图为例

介绍了ShakeMap烈度图在地震应急专题图制作的背景和意义,对ShakeMap系统进行了介绍,并利用ArcGIS软件将ShakeMap烈度数据进行矢量化,同时展示了地震余震记录数据的获取方法,并以2014年新疆于田7．3级地震余震分布图为例,将其应用在应急专题图件的编制中加以演示。结果表明,应用ShakeMap在专题图制作中能提升图件产出的质量,为辅助决策和震情跟踪给予有力的信息支持。     

Long aftershock sequences in North China and Central US: implications for hazard assessment in mid-continents

Because seismic activity within mid-continents is usually much lower than that along plate boundary zones, even small earthquakes can cause widespread concerns, especially when these events occur in the source regions of previous large earthquakes. However, these small earthquakes may be just aftershocks that continue for decades or even longer. The recent seismicity in the Tangshan region in North China is likely aftershocks of the 1976 Great Tangshan earthquake. The current earthquake sequence in the New Madrid seismic zone in central United States, which includes a cluster of M ~ 7.0 events in 1811–1812 and a number of similar events in the past millennium, is believed to result from recent fault reactivation that releases pre-stored strain energy in the crust. If so, this earthquake sequence is similar to aftershocks in that the rates of energy release should decay with time and the sequence of earthquakes will eventually end. We use simple physical analysis and numerical simulations to show that the current sequence of large earthquakes in the New Madrid fault zone is likely ending or has ended. Recognizing that mid-continental earthquakes have long aftershock sequences and complex spatiotemporal occurrences are critical to improve hazard assessments.     

强震等震线、 余震区形状与地震构造关系的研究

本文通过对川滇和华北地区不同地震构造环境中, 1966年以来强震的等震线长宽比、 余震区长度的对比研究, 认为强震等震线的长宽比、 余震区长度都与地震构造环境和震级相关。 对于强震等震线的长宽比和余震区长度, 地震构造环境和震级的影响相同的是, 都与发震断裂是否位于活动地块边界, 位于哪一级活动地块边界, 是与边界方向一致的大断裂, 还是配套小断裂等有关。 最重要的是与活动断层的规模, 尤其是与发震断裂的长度有关, 也与震级有关。 不同的是, 强震等震线的长宽比明显受地表覆盖层的影响, 而余震区长度与地表覆盖层关系不明显, 似乎与震源破裂面长度的关系更密切。     

汶川地震强余震的电磁同震效应

汶川5.12大地震发生后,在武都汉王地震台及其附近地区布置了2个大地电磁测深点,进行了两期余震序列的地震电磁效应连续监测,共观测到M_s4.0及以上的余震事件35次.通过与汉王强震台的地震记录数据中15个强震记录比较发现,与地震波相对应的地震同震电磁信号存在于所有的电场和磁场记录分量中,它们与地震波到达同步.地震破裂发生时的电磁辐射信号在记录数据中相比地震波达到观测点的电磁信号幅度要小得多,无法从观测数据识别出来.通过分析对比地震位移和同震电磁信号的关系,提出了地震电磁同震信号产生的地震波驱动机理,认为观测系统在地球基本磁场中随地面运动产生了地震同震电磁信号,并从观测的地震振动位移和电磁信号进行了验证.     

The partitioning of radiated energy and the largest aftershock of seismic sequences occurred in the northeastern Italy and western Slovenia

We analyzed the most relevant seismic sequences that occurred from 1977 to 2007 in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region (northeastern Italy) and western Slovenia. The eight aftershock sequences were triggered by low- to moderate-magnitude earthquakes with mainshock duration magnitude ranging from 3.7 to 5.6. The b-value of the Gutenberg–Richter law varies from 0.8 to 1.1. The modified Omori’s modeling of the sequences evidences values of the p exponent ranging from 0.8 to 1.0. Using the Reasenberg and Jones (Science 243:1173–1176, 1989; Science 265:1251–1252, 1994) approach, we computed the probabilistic estimate of the aftershock rates and the largest aftershock in given time intervals. The difference in magnitude between the mainshock and the largest aftershock is calculated according to the modified Båth law and using an approach that considers the partitioning of the radiated seismic energy between mainshock and aftershocks. The partitioning of the radiated seismic energy appears to play a significant role in the evolution of the sequences. We define the parameter R _ES as the ratio between the radiated seismic energy of the mainshock and the summation of the seismic energy radiated by the aftershocks. The difference in magnitude between the mainshock and the largest aftershock, calculated with the parameter R _ES, agrees well with the observed difference. In most sequences, the parameter R _ES decreases very quickly until the occurrence of the largest aftershock and then becomes constant. By analyzing the values of R _ES during the early hours following the mainshock, we found that the R _ES values after 24 h are well related to the final ones, calculated on the whole sequence, and to the differences in magnitude between the mainshock and the largest aftershock.     

1998-2003年伽师三次不同类型Ms6级地震震源破裂过程及短期内余震活动特征

利用大量远场观测地震图反演了新疆伽师地区三次不同机制类型M_s6级地震的破裂过程.结果表明。1998年8月2日M_s6.1级地震破裂尺度小,破裂过程简单,最大滑动量为12 cm,主破裂过程持续时间为8 s.1998年8月27日M_s6.5地震破裂过程的空间分布反映出双侧破裂特征。主破裂过程在前13 s基本完成,最大滑动量为63 cm,破裂面上起始破裂点两侧的滑动矢量方向不同.2003年2月24日M_s6.8地震的破裂过程最为复杂,震源时间函数由两次上升时间组成,破裂一共持续了32 s,最大滑动量为32 cm.研究表明,余震主要发生在主震破裂图像中大滑动量区域的外围或滑动量变化梯度较大的区域,主震后短期内发生的余震震源机制解也与破裂面上断层的错动方向一致,表明余震的位置和机制与主震破裂所引起的应力重新分布有关.     

Setting minimum head capsule abundance and taxa deletion criteria in chironomid-based inference models

Criteria for removing training set lakes and taxa in chironomidbased inference models, due to low abundances, have largely been ad hoc. We used an anoxia inference model and a hypolimnetic oxygen model from southcentral Ontario to determine what effect subfossil head capsule abundance and taxa deletion criteria have on fossil inference statistics. Results from six training set lakes suggest that a minimum abundance of 40–50 head capsules is sufficient for use in inference models, however more diverse samples likely require more than 50 head capsules. Taxa deletion criteria substantially improved the predictive ability of inference models (lowered the root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP)). The common practice of including taxa with only 2% abundance in at least two lakes was one of the deletion criteria that much improved inference models. Similar deletion criteria, such as 2% in at least 3 lakes and 3% in at least 1 lake, produced comparable improvements (up to 18% reduction in RMSEP).     

The 10 June 2012 Fethiye Mw 6.0 aftershock sequence and its relation to the 24–25 April 1957 Ms 6.9–7.1 earthquakes in SW Anatolia,Turkey

The 10 June 2012 M_w 6.0 aftershock sequence in southwestern Anatolia is examined. Centroid moment tensors for 23 earthquakes with moment magnitudes (M_w) between 3.7 and 6.0 are determined by applying a waveform inversion method. The mainshock is a shallow focus strike-slip with reverse component event at a depth of 30 km. The seismic moment (M_o) of the mainshock is estimated as 1.28 × 10¹⁸ Nm and rupture duration of the Fethiye mainshock is 38 s. The focal mechanisms of the aftershocks are mainly strike-slip faulting with a reverse component. The geometry of the focal mechanisms reveals a strike-slip faulting regime with NE–SW trending direction of T-axis in the entire activated region. A stress tensor inversion of focal mechanism data is performed to obtain a more accurate picture of the Fethiye earthquake stress field. The stress tensor inversion results indicate a predominant strike-slip stress regime with a NW–SE oriented maximum horizontal compressive stress (S_H). According to variance of the stress tensor inversion, to first order, the Fethiye earthquake area is characterized by a homogeneous interplate stress field. The Coulomb stress change associated with the mainshock and the largest aftershock are also investigated to evaluate any significant enhancement of stresses along the Gulf of Fethiye and surrounding region. Positive lobes with stress more than 0.4 bars are obtained, indicating that these values are large enough to increase the Coulomb stress failure towards NNW–SSE and E–W directions.