序列衰减与余震激发研究进展及应用成果

着重于序列衰减与余震激发,系统介绍了修改的大森公式、ETAS模型及BASS模型的最新理论研究进展及应用成果。修改的大森公式是迄今为止对序列衰减的最好描述,据此可对序列衰减特征进行定量表述。大森公式本质上是一种典型的现象统计模型,但由于其参数少、计算简单,并且确实能够反映序列衰减的总体特征,因而在实际中应用广泛。ETAS模型考虑了具有统计自相似特征的次级余震激发问题,次级余震激发强度与父地震强度有关,这在物理过程方面对大森公式进行了大大的拓展。由于考虑了次级余震的激发问题,ETAS模型不但在余震序列研究方面比修改的大森公式有了明显的进展,而且在诸如平静检测、余震群集剔除、背景地震活动评估、外因触发地震活动检测等方面也有诸多应用。BASS模型遵循修改的Bath定律,而ETAS模型遵循的是与父地震震级有关的相似率,这是BASS模型与ETAS模型的最大区别,因而相对ETAS模型而言,BASS模型是一种完全自相似的理想化模型,但目前基于BASS模型的应用研究尚不多见     

1988年澜沧—耿马大震序列剪切应力值随时间的变化与强余震预报

1988年11月6日澜沧——耿马大震后,在地震现场,利用澜沧地震台记录的2.5≤M_L≤4.9级地震,以清晰的直达P波初动半周期及时估算剪切应力强度,追踪它们随时间的调整变化,并直接用于对后续强余震的预测和序列发展趋势估计。     

对外宣传英译中对原文的适当删减

对外宣传英译中对原文进行适当的删减为两种语言的民族思维差异所引起.从对外宣传、国外读者文化接受心理的角度,提出原文并非坚冰.如果按汉语思维行事,造直译出,势必导致译文文字堆砌,语义传达失真,因而无法很好地服务于对外宣传目的.因此,应当对原文作适当的修改和删减.     

后续地震发生时间估计及序列性质判定--以海城7.4级、巴楚-伽师6.8级地震序列为例

在前人研究的基础上,给出利用参数k判定序列性质及利用前期地震预测后续地震发生时间的方法.理论分析表明,参数k以0为界,不同的取值表征了不同的地震活动状态,这与地震趋势估计及后续地震预测密切相关.k<0表明地震间时间间隔逐渐增长,呈现一种类似余震序列逐渐衰减的活动特征;k=0意味着地震间时间间隔不变,地震活动表现为以T为周期的准周期性活动;k>0表明地震间时间间隔逐渐缩短,呈现一种类似前震序列或地震累积频次指数增长的异常活动特征.如果k值在正、负区间随机分布,则该组地震之间无相关性可言.利用1975年2月4日海城7.4级地震前、余震序列及2003年2月24日巴楚-伽师6.8级地震序列对上述方法进行了检验并对有关问题进行了初步讨论.     

台湾集集和华北大同地震序列的定量模型分析

介绍了传染型余震序列(ETAS)模型的基本原理和发展概况，并利用该模型分析了1999年开始的台湾集集地震序列(主震Ms7．6)和1989年开始的大同地震序列(主震为Ms5．7)。通过分析计算，得到了二个序列的ETAS参数向量，并结合各自的孕震环境和机制分析了二个地震序列的异同和序列衰减规律。     

Empirical relationships between aftershock area dimensions and magnitude for earthquakes in the Mediterranean Sea region

Fault dimension estimates derived from the aftershock area extent of 36 shallow depth (≤ 31 km) earthquakes that occurred in the Mediterranean Sea region have been used in order to establish empirical relationships between length, width, area and surface-wave/moment magnitude. This dataset consists of events whose aftershock sequence was recorded by a dense local or regional network and the reported location errors did not exceed on average 3–5 km. Surface-wave magnitudes for these events were obtained from the NEIC database and/or published reports, while moment magnitudes as well as focal mechanisms were available from the Harvard/USGS catalogues. Contrary to the results of some previously published studies we found no evidence in our dataset that faulting type may have an effect on the fault dimension estimates and therefore we derived relationships for the whole of the dataset. Comparisons, by means of statistical F-tests, of our relationships with other previously published regional and global relationships were performed in order to check possible similarities or differences. Most such comparisons showed relatively low significance levels (< 95%), since the differences in source dimension estimates were large mainly for magnitudes lower than 6.5, becoming smaller with increasing magnitude. Some degree of similarity, however, could be observed between our fault length relationship and the one derived from aftershock area lengths of events in Greece, while a difference was found between our regional and global fault length relationships. A calculation of the ratio defined as the fault length, derived from our relationships, to the length estimated from regional empirical relationships involving surface ruptures showed that it can take a maximum value of about 7 for small magnitudes while it approaches unity at Ms 7.2. When calculating the same ratio using instead global empirical relationships we see the maximum value not exceeding 1.8, while unity is reached at Mw 7.8, indicating the existence of a strong regional variation in the fault lengths of earthquakes occurring in the Mediterranean Sea region. Also, a relationship between the logarithms of the rupture area and seismic moment is established and it is inferred that there is some variation of stress drop as a function of seismic moment. In particular, it is observed that for magnitudes lower than 6.6 the stress drop fluctuates around 10 bar, while for larger magnitudes the stress drop reaches a value as high as 60 bar.     

Fault system of the 2004 Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake and its aftershocks

Data recorded by a seismic network deployed the day after the 2004 Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake (M6.8) in central Japan are used to determine the major source faults responsible for the mainshock and major aftershocks. Using this high-resolution seismic data, three major source faults are identified: two parallel faults dipping steeply to the west located 5 km apart, and the other dipping eastward and oriented perpendicular to the west-dipping faults. The analysis also reveals that the lateral variation in seismic velocity observed at the surface extends to a depth of 15 km, encompassing the source area of the mainshock. This strong heterogeneity of the crust, related to the complex geological and tectonic evolution of the area, is considered to be responsible for the prominent aftershock activity following the 2004 Niigata event.     

云南禄劝地震对余震有触发作用吗--静态应力触发地震的讨论

采用文献[1]计算地震产生的静态应变场的解析表达式,对云南禄劝地震的15次余震,计算了主震在余震节面上产生的正应力和静态库仑破裂应力变化。分析了正应力变化和静态库仑破裂应力变化是否对余震有触发作用。结果表明,主震产生的正应力变化和库仑破裂应力变化并没有明显的证据“有利于”余震的发生。另外,还比较了运用与主震相同的余震机制和反演得到的余震机制在库仑破裂模型中计算结果的差异。使用反演的余震机制得出的结果稍优于假定余震与主震有相同震源机制得到的结果。     

永登5.8级地震序列及有关问题讨论

对永登５．８ 级地震序列及近１０ 年来永登—兰州地区的小震活动进行了研究,结果表明：永登５．８ 级地震为孤立型,震前近１０ 年震区一直有小震活动,主震是在小震活动经历了一个增多—加剧—平静的过程后才发生的。历史地震活动资料及地质构造表明,永登地区存在中强地震孕育的背景     

科里奥利力效应及对强余震预报方法的研究(二)——预报方法的验证、准确性分析

利用科里奥利力效应预报强余震的方法验证了中国及邻区自１９００年以来发生的７级以上地震震例６８个,以主余震震级之差为１作为标准,大于１判定为余震弱,小于等于１为余震强,验证的准确率为８１．４％。