Adaptive filtering of continuous GPS results

 An adaptive finite-duration impulse response filter, based on a least-mean-square algorithm, has been used to mitigate multipath effects, and to derive tectonic and fault movement signals from continuous global positioning system (CGPS) data. By applying the filter on both pseudo-range and carrier-phase multipath sequences from CGPS observations on consecutive days, multipath models have been reliably derived. The standard deviations of residual time series are reduced to about one-quarter on pseudo-range and to about one-half on carrier phase. The adaptive filter is then used to process baseline solutions from a five-station array. Tectonic and fault movements have been resolved, which are in good agreement with previous studies involving many more CGPS stations. Received: 11 February 2000 / Accepted: 28 June 2000     

Gravel Image Segmentation in Noisy Background Based on Partial Entropy Method

INTRODUCTIONImage thresholding has been widely used in many areas,and there are many methods for thresholding. But it is verydifficult to segmentgravel objects,because of wide variation ingray levels and particle dimensions and the presence of manysmall objects in the background corrupting the image bystationary or white noise. Shannon’s entropy is a concept ininformation theory,which means the more information,theless the entropy value. By m eans of entropy concept,researchers have prop…     

盐池地区沙尘暴期间风沙运动若干特征研究

通过沙尘暴期间的实际观测资料,对宁夏盐池地区沙尘暴期间风蚀起沙的几个相关特性进行了研究。结果表明：当地10 m高度的临界起沙速度为5.0 m·s-1,临界摩擦速度为0.32 m·s-1;采用凌裕泉提出的“最大可能输沙量”计算方法,得出盐池地区沙尘暴期间的输沙量为12.42 kg·m-1;当地沙尘气溶胶粒子传输距离为1.4×10⁵~1.4×10⁶ km。     

藻类结皮自然恢复后抗风蚀特性研究

从风沙物理学的角度出发,通过风洞实验研究藻类结皮对起动风速、摩阻风速、空气动力学粗糙度等的影响,探讨未破坏藻类结皮和一定程度破坏后自然恢复藻类结皮抗土壤风蚀特性。实验结果表明:无论是完好结皮还是自然恢复后的结皮,都可以提高结皮的起动风速、摩阻风速和空气动力学粗糙度长度。结皮的起动风速大于17 m·s^-1,摩阻风速在0.62~1.21 m·s^-1之间,空气动力学粗糙度长度在0.03~0.13 cm之间。同时给出了摩阻风速和风速之间以及空气动力学粗糙度长度和摩阻风速之间的经验公式。     

基于小波变换的地震信号分时分频相关去噪

介绍了Donoho的小波域阈值去噪处理方法,提出了对小波变换尺度上小波系数进行分时分频相关处理去噪后,再重构小波系数的方法,以去除大部分随机噪声。然后,再对重构后地震剖面进行小波域阈值去噪处理。结果表明,使用上述新方法可以有效改善地震剖面处理效果,提高信噪比。      

风蚀容忍量研究进展及其若干问题的探讨

土壤风蚀是造成沙漠化的首要环节。长期以来,由于没有制定一个合理的风蚀控制临界值,土地利用和土壤风蚀防治之间的矛盾非常突出,风蚀控制措施收效不大。风蚀容忍量(T值)的研究,为风蚀控制提供了一个标准。在确定T值时,应该首先对风蚀地区进行分区,根据不同地区的情况和要求制定相应的T值标准,同时进行投入与产出的对比,制定T值的一个合理的阈值,使其随着我国经济的发展而逐步降低,从而使T值标准具有更强的实用性与适应性;在基于T值标准的风蚀防治措施的实施保障方面,除了要把它纳入法律轨道外,还需要制定相应的政策引导当地居民将之转化为脱贫致富的自觉行为,并建立生态资产补偿制度。     

Learning effects of interactive decision-making processes for climate change adaptation

Learning is gaining attention in relation to governance processes for contemporary environmental challenges; however, scholarship at the nexus of learning and environmental governance lacks clarity and understanding about how to define and measure learning, and the linkages between learning, social interactions, and environment. In response, this study aimed to advance and operationalize a typology of learning in an environmental governance context, and examined if a participatory decision-making process (adaptive co-management) for climate change adaptation fostered learning. Three types of learning were identified: cognitive learning, related to the acquisition of new or the structuring of existing knowledge; normative learning, which concerns a shift in viewpoints, values or paradigms, and relational learning, referring to an improved understanding of others’ mindsets, enhanced trust and ability to cooperate. A robust mixed methods approach with a focus on quantitative measures including concept map analysis, social network analysis, and self-reflective questions, was designed to gauge indicators for each learning type. A participatory decision-making process for climate change adaptation was initiated with stakeholders in the Niagara region, Canada. A pseudo-control group was used to minimize external contextual influences on results. Clear empirical evidence of cognitive and relational learning was gained; however, the results from normative learning measures were inconclusive. The learning typology and measurement method operationalized in this research advances previous treatments of learning in relation to participatory decision-making processes, and supports adaptive co-management as a governance strategy that fosters learning and adaptive capacity.     

“Caribou was the reason,and everything else happened after”: Effects of caribou declines on Inuit in Labrador,Canada

For many Indigenous Peoples in the Circumpolar North, cultural engagement and continuity across generations is directly related to relationships between and among people, animals, and landscapes. However, minimal research outlines the emotional responses and disruptions to culture and identity that are driven by ecological change, and the subsequent cultural dimensions of coping and adapting to this uncertainty. Through a case study that explores how caribou population declines and a caribou hunting ban are impacting Inuit in the Nunatsiavut and NunatuKavut regions of Labrador, Canada, this article examines the critical interplay between cultural continuity and adaptive capacity for responding to ecological uncertainty. More specifically, this study: 1) described the central role that caribou play for Inuit emotional wellness, identity, and cultural continuity; 2) explored how the rapid declines of caribou in Labrador are affecting Inuit emotional wellness, identity, and cultural continuity; and 3) characterized the ways in which Inuit are adapting to these emotio-social, cultural, and ecological changes. Drawing from an Inuit-led, multi-year, multi-media qualitative and visual media research program, data from video interviews (n = 84: Nunatsiavut region: n = 54; NunatuKavut region: n = 30) were analyzed using a video-based qualitative analysis, constant-comparative methods, and inductive qualitative approach. Results indicated that caribou are a foundational element for Inuit emotional wellness, identity, and cultural continuity. The changes in caribou populations are resulting in complex emotional responses, losses to cultural meaning and knowledge, and alterations to Inuit identities. The impacts on emotions, identity, and cultural continuity related to Inuit-caribou relations at an individual and collective level reflect the interconnections between cultural continuity and adaptive capacity that underlie the loss of this culturally important species. Though this research focuses on two Inuit groups and caribou in Labrador, the insights from these lived experiences highlight the ongoing cultural and identity consequences associated with species declines occurring globally.     

Geographical imbalances and divides in the scientific production of climate change knowledge

Studies on scientific production of climate change knowledge show a geographical bias against the developing and more vulnerable regions of the world. If there is limited knowledge exchange between regions, this may deepen global knowledge divides and, thus, potentially hamper adaptive capacities. Consequently, there is a need to further understand this bias, and, particularly, link it with the exchange of knowledge across borders. We use a world-wide geographical distribution of author affiliations in >15,000 scientific climate change publications to show that (1) research production mainly takes place in richer, institutionally well-developed countries with cooler climates and high climate footprints, and (2) the network of author affiliations is structured into distinct modules of countries with strong common research interests, but with little knowledge exchange between modules. These modules are determined mainly by geographical proximity, common climates, and similar political and economic characteristics. This indicates that political-economic, social and educational-scientific initiatives targeted to enhance local research production and collaborations across geographical-climate module borders may help diminish global knowledge divides. We argue that this could strengthen adaptive capacity in the most vulnerable regions of the world.     

外商直接投资技术溢出空间效应及其变化——基于中国地级市的实证研究

FDI(外商直接投资)对内资企业的技术溢出效应是国内外研究的重要话题,但相关文献多为静态研究.本文认为FDI的技术溢出存在时间效应,即FDI对内资企业的技术溢出或挤出效应,随着FDI进入东道国的时间推移而变化.利用2003-2007年中国工业企业数据库,以通信设备、计算机和其他电子设备制造业为例,对城市面板数据建立门槛回归模型,研究FDI技术溢出效应随时间变化的动态过程.结果表明,随着FDI进入东道国的时间推移,技术溢出效应的变化呈扁S曲线:初始,FDI对内资企业表现为明显的挤出效应;3～4年后,逐渐由挤出效应向溢出效应转变;随着时间的进一步推移,溢出效应减缓下降,最终表现为不明显的溢出或挤出效应.此外,对不同所有制的内资企业,FDI技术溢出效应随时间变化的动态过程不同.