基于水环境承载力的沁河流域系统优化调控

基于水环境承载力核算模型,提出流域系统优化调控方法,并应用于沁河流域。通过承载力核算模型计算出2015年和2020年流域水环境承载力,当系统动力学预测的2015年和2020年经济发展规模高于承载力时,通过约束条件中工业企业排放浓度、城镇生活污水收集率、水资源利用率、尾水回用率等4项调控指标进行敏感度分析,最终确定最优的经济发展。结果表明:沁河流域应该优先调控城镇生活污水收集率;2015年,执行工业污水排放二级标准,收集率须达到71.4%以上,优化后的经济规模阈值为475.6亿元;2020年,执行工业一级标准,城镇生活污水收集率须为78.4%以上,相应地经济规模阈值为816.0亿元。     

滑坡降雨阈值模型的应用

在数字高程模型（DEM）的基础上,运用滑坡降雨阈值模型,以楚雄丁家坟一斜坡作为试验研究工点,结合现场勘察、监测数据以及斜坡岩土体主要特性、地形地貌、降雨强度与降雨持续时间、地下水位等因素,模拟斜坡单元产生潜在滑动时的临界降雨量,研究降雨对滑坡发生、分布的影响。研究结果表明：各斜坡单元产生潜在滑动时的临界降雨量各不相同,在不同的降雨量及地下水位条件下滑坡降雨阈值模型模拟的潜在滑坡位置主要位于楚勐公路下边坡处,与实际发生滑坡的位置吻合率达80%以上,滑坡降雨阈值模型可实现对斜坡稳定性进行可视化分析与预测,为降雨型滑坡提供一种有效的预测与分析方法。     

泥质砂岩蠕变特性与锚固控制效应试验研究

通过泥质砂岩单轴压缩蠕变试验,揭示岩石蠕变变形与破坏的特点,反映了不同应力路径下的岩石蠕变速率与发展过程,建立了泥质砂岩的非线性蠕变模型,并通过对试件施加侧向刚性约束和锚固约束,以反映地下工程围岩在平面应变状态和支护状态下的蠕变特性。研究结果表明,锚固约束可以显著提高岩石发生稳定蠕变的应力阀值,减缓蠕变速率。根据改进的蠕变方程进行试验数据的拟合,确定了改进的西原模型蠕变方程中的各物理量。与单轴蠕变试验结果对比表明,该模型的计算结果与试验数据吻合较好,说明改进的西原模型可较好地反映岩石加锚后的蠕变特征。研究结果对深部地下工程围岩的变形与稳定控制研究具有重要的指导意义。     

黄河下游漫滩高含沙洪水滩槽界定及泥沙时空沉积特性

黄河下游漫滩高含沙洪水河床调整剧烈,多数断面洪水后形成"相对窄深河槽",洪水前后河槽宽度发生明显变化。分别以观测断面洪水前后的河槽宽度为基准,计算漫滩高含沙洪水期泥沙时空沉积分布,结果表明,漫滩高含沙洪水与非漫滩高含沙洪水相比,能将主河槽内淤积泥沙量的59.3%搬运至嫩滩或滩地,减缓主河槽淤积。在分析研究基础上,建立了洪水后漫滩河段河槽相对缩窄率与洪水前期河槽宽度的量化关系,洪水后主槽宽度缩窄率为15.5%~44.0%;分析遴选了漫滩高含沙洪水滩地淤积量与主要水力因子间关联度及物理含义,给出了漫滩高含沙洪水滩地淤积量与相应水力因子间的响应函数;初步提出漫滩洪水河道塑槽淤滩的临界水沙配置指标,临界水沙系数取值为0.025~0.040。成果对高含沙洪水调控具有一定的指导意义。     

一种电离层活跃期的三频TECR周跳处理算法

针对电离层活跃期现有三频周跳处理方法难以正确探测与修复周跳和阈值设定不合理的问题,借鉴双频TECR算法,提出一种能够削弱电离层延迟影响的三频TECR算法。三频TECR组合与三频码相无几何无电离层组合均能有效削弱电离层延迟对周跳探测的影响,并能自适应地确定合理阈值。利用三频实测数据对算法进行验证的结果表明,该方法能够有效消除电离层延迟影响,实现电离层活跃期周跳的动态探测与修复。     

HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan - A regional programme of measures for the marine environment based on the Ecosystem Approach

The Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) Baltic Sea Action Plan, adopted by the coastal countries of the Baltic Sea and the European Community in November 2007, is a regional intergovernmental programme of measures for the protection and management of the marine environment explicitly based on the Ecosystem Approach. The Action Plan is structured around a set of Ecological Objectives used to define indicators and targets, including effect-based nutrient input ceilings, and to monitor implementation. The Action Plan strongly links Baltic marine environmental concerns to important socio-economic fields such as agriculture and fisheries and promotes cross-sectoral tools including marine spatial planning. Due to complementarities with the European Union (EU) Marine Strategy Framework Directive, the Action Plan is in essence a pilot for this process without neglecting the important role of the Russian Federation - the only Baltic coastal country not a member of the EU.     

Diurnal patterns of blowing sand

The diurnal pattern of blowing sand results from a complex process that involves an interaction between solar heating, thermal instability, atmospheric turbulence, wind strength, and surface threshold conditions. During the day, solar heating produces thermal instability, which enhances the convective mixing of high momentum winds from the upper levels of the atmosphere to the surface layer. The sun also dries the sand surface so that the critical threshold is as low as possible. Thus, in the afternoon, the combination of strong turbulent winds and a low surface threshold increases the likelihood that winds may intermittently exceed the critical threshold of the surface to produce bursts of blowing sand. Here an attempt has been made to explore this dynamic aeolian process using a new method for monitoring the diurnal pattern of blowing sand. This technique involves detecting blowing sand with a piezoelectric saltation sensor to determine the relative proportion of time that blowing sand is detected for a given ‘time of day’. Measurements taken over a seven‐month period on the high plains of the Llano Estacado of West Texas and eastern New Mexico suggest that sand movement tends to occur more frequently during daylight hours with a peak in aeolian activity occurring in the afternoon between 14:00 and 15:00 Local Standard Time (LST). Published in 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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考虑体积变化影响的岩石应变软硬化损伤本构模型及参数确定方法

针对现有岩石损伤模型的局限性与不足,将应力作用下的岩石抽象为空隙、损伤与未损伤材料三部分,以空隙率反映岩石体积或空隙的变化,以损伤变量或损伤因子反映岩石力学性态的改变程度,通过对各部分材料的微观受力及其与宏观应力和应变的关系进行分析,建立了可反映岩石变形过程中体积或空隙变化特性的新型岩石损伤模型;从岩石微元强度合理度量方法研究入手,引进统计损伤理论,建立了可考虑损伤阀值影响的岩石统计损伤演化模型,进而建立了能模拟应变软硬化全过程的岩石统计损伤本构模型,并提出了参数确定方法。该模型不仅能反映岩石应变软硬化特性,而且能反映岩石变形的初期压密和后期扩容的特性。通过实例分析与讨论,表明模型合理与可行。     

Running safety analysis of a train on the Tsing Ma Bridge under turbulent winds

The dynamic responses of the Tsing Ma suspension bridge and the running behaviors of trains on the bridge under turbulent wind actions are analyzed by a three-dimensional wind-train-bridge interaction model. This model consists of a spatial finite element bridge model, a train model composed of eight 4-axle identical coaches of 27 degrees-of-freedom, and a turbulent wind model. The fluctuating wind forces, including the buffeting forces and the self-excited forces, act on the bridge only, since the train runs inside the bridge deck. The dynamic responses of the bridge are calculated and some results are compared with data measured from Typhoon York. The runnability of the train passing through the Tsing Ma suspension bridge at different speeds is researched under turbulent winds with different wind velocities. Then, the threshold curve of wind velocity for ensuring the running safety of the train in the bridge deck is proposed, from which the allowable train speed at different wind velocities can be determined. The numerical results show that rail traffic on the Tsing Ma suspension bridge should be closed as the mean wind velocity reaches 30 m/s.