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271.
Using simulation results from three different regional ocean models (HOPS, ROMS and FVCOM) we show that only a few spatio-temporal POD (proper orthogonal decomposition) modes are sufficient to describe the most energetic ocean dynamics. In particular, we demonstrate that the simulated ocean dynamics in New Jersey coast, Massachusetts Bay and Gulf of Maine is energetically equivalent to the wake dynamics behind a cylinder at low Reynolds number. Moreover, the extrema of the POD spatial modes are very good locations for sensor placement and accurate field reconstruction. We employ a modified POD theory to incorporate a limited number of measurements in reconstructing the velocity and temperature fields, and we study systematically the corresponding reconstruction errors as a function of the sensor location, number of sensors, and number of POD modes. This new approach is quite accurate in short-term simulation, and hence it has the potential of accelerating the use of real-time adaptive sampling in data assimilation for ocean forecasting. 相似文献
272.
Learning about ecosystem processes and patterns is an essential component of Ecosystem Based Fishery Management and the sustainable use of natural resources. 相似文献
273.
We critically appraise the recent literature on the paucity of marine insects and conclude that this near‐absence does demand explanation; but this explanation is unlikely to be found in the suggested problems of depth for insect respiratory systems. We tentatively suggest some areas where further consideration may yield fruitful answers to this long‐standing evolutionary riddle. 相似文献
274.
Markus Pahlow Alain F. Vézina Heidi Maass Daniel G. Wright 《Progress in Oceanography》2008,76(2):151-191
Plankton ecosystems in the North Atlantic display strong regional and interannual variability in productivity and trophic structure, which cannot be captured by simple plankton models. Additional compartments subdividing functional groups can increase predictive power, but the high number of parameters tends to compromise portability and robustness of model predictions. An alternative strategy is to use property state variables, such as cell size, normally considered constant parameters in ecosystem models, to define the structure of functional groups in terms of both behaviour and response to physical forcing. This strategy may allow us to simulate realistically regional and temporal differences among plankton communities while keeping model complexity at a minimum.We fit a model of plankton and DOM dynamics globally and individually to observed climatologies at three diverse locations in the North Atlantic. Introducing additional property state variables is shown to improve the model fit both locally and globally, make the model more portable, and help identify model deficiencies. The zooplankton formulation exerts strong control on model performance. Our results suggest that the current paradigm on zooplankton allometric functional relationships might be at odds with observed plankton dynamics. Our parameter estimation resulted in more realistic estimates of parameters important for primary production than previous data assimilation studies.Property state variables generate complex emergent functional relationships, and might be used like tracers to differentiate between locally produced and advected biomass. The model results suggest that the observed temperature dependence of heterotrophic growth efficiency [Rivkin, R.B., Legendre, L., 2001. Biogenic carbon cycling in the upper ocean: effects of microbial respiration. Science 291 (5512) 2398-2400] could be an emergent relation due to intercorrelations among temperature, nutrient concentration and growth efficiency. A major advantage of using property state variables is that no additional parameters are required, such that differences in model performance can be directly related to model structure rather than parameter tuning. 相似文献
275.
The North Sea Regional Advisory Council (NSRAC) is the main forum through which fisheries interests are involved in Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) on the North Sea. The NSRAC is a relatively new and fragile forum involving various stakeholders. MSP confronts this group with a series of broader issues such as inter alia wind farms, transportation, and marine protected areas. The spatial focus involves both a reduction and a multiplication of the levels of geographical scale at which information for management must be resolved. The ongoing development of these institutions provides lessons about facilitating the evolution of cross-scale institutional linkages that strengthen adaptive, eco-system-based management. 相似文献
276.
An increasing number of scientists and resource managers recognise that successful marine management approaches, including marine spatial planning (MSP), cannot occur without effective monitoring, evaluation and adaptation. These basic components are necessary to ensure that any marine planning or marine management measures are both effective and efficient. While a number of fundamental principles for marine monitoring, evaluation and adaptive management exist, there are varying levels of understanding about how these should be undertaken and what they may achieve. Challenges include the development of realistic and measurable objectives and indicators against which effectiveness can be practically measured. The matter becomes even more complicated as the focus of marine planning and management strategies changes from ‘single species’ to ‘habitats’ and ‘ecosystems’ that may enable a diversity of permitted uses consistent with a variety of overall objectives. Over the last 30 years, the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP) has successfully established a multiple-use spatial management approach that allows both high levels of environmental protection and a wide range of human activities. Drawing on this unique long-term experience in the GBRMP, this article discusses key aspects of effective monitoring and evaluation, and summarises lessons learned from over two decades of adaptive management. 相似文献
277.
蓝晶石矿物定量分析通常采用的化学物相法分析流程繁琐,易受同质异象矿物和难熔矿物的干扰;采用X射线衍射内标法需要提纯矿物绘制标准曲线,但矿物包体的存在使得获取纯净单矿物成为难题;由于不同矿区蓝晶石矿物成分之间存在着差异性,以上两种方法都仅仅适用于同一矿区样品的矿物定量分析。为简化分析流程,提高测试效率,本文采用X射线衍射(XRD)全谱拟合法对蓝晶石国家二级标准物质和野外样品进行分析,并与RIR法、绝热法和K值法等衍射定量方法及化学分析结果进行了比较验证方法的可靠性。结果表明:全谱拟合法无需采用标准物质,也不用引入内标物,一次扫谱分析能获得样品中所有成分的信息,操作简单,能有效降低择优取向对衍射定量结果的影响;对于含量大于5%的矿物,组分分析结果的绝对误差小于1%,显著低于绝对误差允许限;采用Highscore和Jade两种衍射数据处理软件获得的定量结果吻合度高,目标矿物蓝晶石分析结果的双差均小于0.8%,相对偏差小于2.5%;蓝晶石的加标回收率在95.3%~101.0%之间,能实现不同矿区蓝晶石矿的快速定量分析。 相似文献
278.
279.
S. V. Churakov N. R. Khisina V. S. Urusov R. Wirth 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2003,30(1):1-11
Recently, the Hy-2a hydrous olivine (MgH2 SiO4)·3(Mg2SiO4) occurring as nanometre-sized inclusions in mantle olivines has been found by TEM, and has been suggested to be a new DHMS
phase (Khisina et al. 2001). A model of the crystal structure of Hy-2a has been proposed as a 2a-superstructure of olivine with one Me2+ -vacant octahedral layer in the (1 0 0) plane per Hy-2a unit cell (Khisina and Wirth 2002). In the present study the crystal structure of Hy-2a hydrous olivine is optimized by ab initio calculations. The aims of this study are: (1) verification of the suggested models
of Hy-2a hydrous olivine structure; (2) calculation of the most stable configurations for Hy-2a structure with minimum static lattice energy, by assuming a possible formation of Me2+ vacancies in either M1 or M2 octahedral sites; (3) determination of the position of protons and hydrogen bonds in the Hy-2a structure. Several different possible configurations of the Hy-2a structure are optimized. The results support the idea of a stable olivine structure with ordered planar-segregated OH-bearing
defects oriented parallel to (1 0 0). The data obtained indicate a preferred stability of the Hy-2a structure with the protons associated with M1 vacancies and bonded with O1 and O2 oxygen sites. The relative energy values
of the optimized Hy-2a structure configurations correlate as a rule with the average shifts of atoms from their positions in pure forsterite structure.
Received: 7 February 2002 / Accepted: 23 October 2002 相似文献
280.