Comparative toxic effects of copper-based nanoparticles and their microparticles in Daphnia magna by using natural freshwater media

Copper-based nanoparticles (NPs) are being widely used in different application fields and their health impacts to aquatic environments represent a current concern. Few studies are available about their comparative toxicity with their bulks and ions under natural exposition in aquatic organisms. Thus, the toxicity of Cu and CuO NPs and their microparticle and ionic forms was assayed in the acute immobilisation test of Daphnia magna by using freshwater media. Electronic microscopy, laser doppler velocimetry, and dynamic laser scattering methodologies were used to NPs characterisation. The results indicated that CuNPs and CuONPs were more toxic than their microparticles. Among NPs, CuNPs showed higher toxicity than CuONPs. Copper-based nanoparticles showed similar hydrodynamic particle size and were agglomerated in culture media, suggesting toxic-ionic release relationship and corroborated by the high toxicity induced by CuSO₄. Additionally, water chemistry of natural freshwater used in the experiments also favoured the ion release of these NPs.     

外伤危急症患者腹部急诊增强CT扫描的诊断价值分析

目的:分析多层增强CT检查对外伤危急症患者腹部损伤的诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析15例外伤危急症患者的多层CT急诊平扫和增强检查资料。结果:15例外伤危急症患者中,骨盆骨折8例(CT增强显示:1伴动脉血管破裂出血:1例左侧髂总动脉破裂,5例伴一侧髂内动脉分支破裂出血,2例双侧髂内动脉分支破裂出血;2伴肝破裂出血2例,脾破裂出血3例,肾破裂1例);小肠及系膜损伤并多发断裂1例伴肝脾破裂;肝破裂1例;脾破裂4例;左侧臀上动脉破裂1例。增强CT可直接显示造影剂外溢及脏器破口外伤改变。结论:多层增强CT与单纯平扫CT比较,在显示血管破裂及脏器出血定位方面有重要的临床应用价值,有条件的医院可积极应用推广。      

Distribution, magnitude and characterization of the toxicity of Ukrainian estuarine sediments

During the Soviet era, Ukraine was an important industrial and agricultural region of the Soviet Union. This industrial and agricultural activity resulted in contamination of Ukraine’s estuaries with legacy anthropogenic pollutants. Investigations on the toxicological effects of this estuarine contamination have been limited. For this research, we measured the toxicity of contaminated sediments from four Ukrainian estuaries to several aquatic organisms over 3 years. Sediment chemical analyses and whole sediment toxicity identification evaluations (TIEs) were also performed to determine the classes of contaminants contributing to toxicity. Toxic sediments were observed in several of the Ukrainian estuaries and chemical analyses of the sediments demonstrated anthropogenic contaminants were widely distributed. Contaminants were also detected in macrobenthic organisms collected from the sediments. Several lines of evidence, including TIEs, indicated hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) were contributing substantially to observed toxicity. This information can guide environmental managers to prioritize portions of the estuaries requiring remediation.     

Research Ethics,Trauma and Self-care: reflections on disaster geographies

In this Research Note, I reflect on researcher trauma in the discipline of geography, and explore ways to build a framework for researcher self-care by facilitating conversations about mental health in collaboration with Human Research Ethics Committees, Professional and Organisational Development Services and Workplace Health and Safety units.     

基于下颈部横径的低辐射剂量颈部增强MDCT的可行性研究

目的:探讨基于下颈部横径的低辐射剂量颈部增强MDCT的可行性。方法:对126例临床拟诊为颈部病变的患者行颈部CT检查,其中42例为常规剂量组,84例为低剂量组。低剂量组再根据患者下颈部横径的大小分为3个亚组:A组大横径组,横径≥40cm(21例);B组中等横径组,35cm≤横径<40cm(35例);C组小横径组,横径<35cm(28例)。常规剂量组管电压/管电流采用120kV/350mA,低剂量A、B、C3组分别采用120kV/300mA、100kV/300mA和80kV/300mA。对常规剂量组与低价量组扫描图像进行主观及客观评价,记录A、B、C3组不同扫描方案的剂量长度乘积(DLP)和CT容积剂量指数(CTDIvol),并计算有效辐射剂量(ED)。比较各组辐射剂量及图像质量的差异。结果:常规剂量组与低剂量A、B、C三组有效吸收剂量ED分别为(1.34±0.13)mSv、(1.17±0.10)mSv、(0.74±0.08)mSv和(0.34±0.04)mSv,差异有统计学意义(F=606.13,P<0.01),各低剂量组的有效辐射剂量均低于常规组。组间两两比较ED差异均有统计学差异(P值均<0.01)。Kappa一致性检验显示两名医师对颈部图像质量的评分一致性较高(3组Kappa值均>0.70),常规剂量组与低剂量A、B、C3组比较图像质量评分均无统计学差异(Z=-0.258,P>0.05),各组的图像对比噪声比无统计学差异(F=0.750,P>0.05)。结论:根据患者下颈部横径的大小采用不同管电压行颈部增强CT扫描可以明显降低患者的辐射剂量,而不影响图像的诊断质量,该扫描方案显示颈部结构可行。      

4种重金属离子对彩虹明樱蛤(Moerella iridescens)的急性致毒效应

以彩虹明樱蛤养殖壳高优势组(平均壳高为17.35±1.01mm)为实验动物,进行4种重金属离子Hg2 、Cr6 、Cu2 、Zn2 对彩虹明樱蛤的急性毒性和加和等毒性强度联合毒性试验。结果表明,彩虹明樱蛤对重金属的耐药性均随实验时间延长而缓慢降低,4种重金属离子毒性大小依次为Cu2 、Hg2 、Zn2 、Cr6 ,其对彩虹明樱蛤96h的半致死质量浓度分别为0.0554mg/L、0.1099mg/L、2.2605mg/L、19.6277mg/L;Hg2 、Cr6 、Cu2 、Zn2 离子两两组合在加和等毒性强度下对彩虹明樱蛤96h联合急性毒性所呈现的致毒特征与离子间毒性强度匹配情形密切相关。     

氨及亚硝酸盐对真鲷仔鱼的急性毒性研究

氨是水产动物蛋白质代谢的最终产物,亚硝酸盐是氨硝化作用的中间产物。在养殖系统中氨及亚硝酸盐都有可能积累到使鱼放毒的程度。因而了解养殖对象对氨及亚硝酸盐的忍耐程度是必需的。     

Physiology of Laminaria

Abstract. Discs of lamina tissue excised from Laminaria digitata, L. hyperborea and L. saccharina were unaffected by cutting. They photosynthesized at a constant rate for several days and increased in area and weight during prolonged bubble cultures at a rate comparable with that of plants on the shore.     

严重急性呼吸综合症的胸部影像表现和进展过程

目的：回顾SARS表现和进展过程。材料和方法：胸部正位片的来源是经过临床诊断和治疗的22名SARS患者(男8，女14，平均年龄39．9岁，年龄范围14．73岁)。胸部软组织的变态反映，分布状态及范围的胸片。甚至包括原始的胸部表现都有备份证明文件。比较每一个病人的连续的胸片的肺部的总体百分数来认知放射进展图像。结果：22中的19个初始胸片是异常的。肺部周边地区(22中15)是容易被感染的。单一病灶在肺的上，中，下野的分布是没明显分别(上肺野5例，中肺野6例，下肺野8例)。单一的病灶(22中19)比多发的和双边受浸更常见。经过证明没有空洞，淋巴结大和胸膜渗出。最初的单发病灶在治疗过程中22个有14个进展成为单面多发或者双面受累。结论：病变主要集中在外周，在治疗过程中单发病变发展成为单面多发和双面的普通进展影像，和没有空洞，无淋巴结大，无胸膜渗出液是SARS的主要影像特征。     

Potential link between exposure to fungicides chlorothalonil and mancozeb and haemic neoplasia development in the soft-shell clam Mya arenaria: A laboratory experiment

The aetiology of haemic neoplasia (HN) is unknown, so far but many causative factors are suggested such as viral, pollution and genetics. The aim of this study was to determine if, under chronic exposure, two major pesticides (chlorothalonil and mancozeb) which are used in potato production could induce HN in soft-shell clams (Mya arenaria). Short-term experiments with acute exposure were also performed. Clams were collected from an epizootic site (North River, PEI) and from a site free of the disease (Magdalen Islands, Quebec). The tetraploid level of haemocytes was assessed by flow cytometry for each clam to determine the HN status. The bioaccumulation of pesticides in tissues was quantified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for chlorothalonil while mancozeb and manganese were quantified by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer (ICP/MS). Long term exposure to fungicide Bravo 500^® did not induce high tetraploid levels on negative calm from North River and the analysis of the digestive gland and the mantle did not reveal any detectable level of chlorothalonil. In the Manzate 200 DF^®, some clams revealed high level of tetraploid cells but no difference were observed between the treatments and the control. The analysis of the digestive gland and the mantle for manganese did not highlight any significant difference in tissue concentration (p = 0.05). For the acute exposure, chlorothalonil analysis showed that the active ingredient is distributed between four chlorinated compounds: 99.5% for chlorothalonil isomers, 0.4% for pentachlorothalonil and 0.1% for trichlorothalonil isomers. For a 72 h experiment, the accumulation was within 4 h; the higher tissue concentration of chlorothalonil was 59.2 μg g⁻¹ in the mantle after 48 h, following by a decrease to an undetectable level at the end. For the manganese, the accumulation was detected after 4 h; the higher tissue concentration was 48.8 μg g⁻¹ in the mantle after 24 h and, over the following 48 h, the accumulation decreased until the end of the trial. Based on the data, the accumulation of these fungicides seems to be transitory. Chlorothalonil and mancozeb are both oxidative-stress promoters and could have induced cell dysfunction while in the tissue. Study on the effect of these fungicides on the p53 protein system is an example of strategy that would provide information on cellular events promoting neoplasia.