Seismic Displacement of Gravity Walls by a Two-body Model

Gravity walls retaining dry soil are modeled as a system of two bodies: (a) the gravity wall that slides along the wall-foundation soil boundary and (b) the critical soil wedge in the soil behind the wall. The strength of the system is defined by both the frictional and the cohesional components of resistance. The angle of the prism of the critical soil wedge behind the wall is obtained using the limit equilibrium method. The model accounts for changes in the geometry of the backfill soil behind the wall by considering the displacements at the end of each time step under limit equilibrium. The model shows that the standard (single) block model is over-conservative for the extreme case of critical-to-applied-seismic acceleration ratios less than about 0.30, but works well for cases where this ratio ranges between 0.5 and 0.8. The model is applied to predict the seismic displacement of gravity walls (a) tested in the shaking-table and (b) studied numerically by elaborate elasto–plastic analyses.     

Fracture in Westerly Granite under AE Feedback and Constant Strain Rate Loading: Nucleation, Quasi-static Propagation, and the Transition to Unstable Fracture Propagation

New observations of fracture nucleation are presented from three triaxial compression experiments on intact samples of Westerly granite, using Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring. By conducting the tests under different loading conditions, the fracture process is demonstrated for quasi-static fracture (under AE Feedback load), a slowly developing unstable fracture (loaded at a `slow' constant strain rate of 2.5 × 10<sup>−6</sup> /s) and an unstable fracture that develops near instantaneously (loaded at a `fast' constant strain rate of 5 × 10⁻⁵ /s). By recording a continuous ultrasonic waveform during the critical period of fracture, the entire AE catalogue can be captured and the exact time of fracture defined. Under constant strain loading, three stages are observed: (1) An initial nucleation or stable growth phase at a rate of ~ 1.3 mm/s, (2) a sudden increase to a constant or slowly accelerating propagation speed of ~ 18 mm/s, and (3) unstable, accelerating propagation. In the ~ 100 ms before rupture, the high level of AE activity (as seen on the continuous record) prevented the location of discrete AE events. A lower bound estimate of the average propagation velocity (using the time-to-rupture and the existing fracture length) suggests values of a few m/s. However from a low gain acoustic record, we infer that in the final few ms, the fracture propagation speed increased to 175 m/s. These results demonstrate similarities between fracture nucleation in intact rock and the nucleation of dynamic instabilities in stick slip experiments. It is suggested that the ability to constrain the size of an evolving fracture provides a crucial tool in further understanding the controls on fracture nucleation.     

长岭山北麓断裂上新发现的地震地表破裂带

通过野外地震地质调查,在甘肃省古浪县、景泰县交界处的长岭山地区新发现了丰富的线状分布的地震地表破裂现象,表现为基岩崩塌、黄土滑坡、地震裂缝、地震土林、地震沟槽、陷落坑以及断层陡坎等,局部可见残留的破裂滑动自由面。其分布严格受长岭山北麓活动断裂控制。通过地震地表破裂带本身的特征分析、年代学分析、地表破裂带长度与震级的拟合关系以及结合区域活动断裂资料研究,认为该地震地表破裂带可能为1927年古浪8.0级地震的产物。     

2005年10月巴基斯坦MW7.6地震对余震的触发研究

本文研究分析了2005年10月8日巴基斯坦主震产生的库仑破裂应力变化对余震的影响。计算时考虑了以下因素：（1）断层泥区域的孔隙流体压力和介质弹性常数与周围介质中的不同；（2）地震震源区的构造应力场方向；（3）将震源区构造应力和主震破裂产生的应力叠加计算得到余震破裂机制。该研究考虑了多种因素，计算结果与余震的分布比较吻合。结果表明2005年10月8日巴基斯坦主震对大部分余震有触发作用。     

Kinetics of bubble collision and attachment to hydrophobic solids: I. Effect of surface roughness

Influence of surface roughness of the Teflon plates on kinetics of the bubble attachment was studied. Phenomena occurring during collisions of the air bubble, rising in clean water, with Teflon plates, differing only in their surface roughness, were recorded and analysed using a high-speed camera. Variations of the local velocity of the bubble during the collisions and the time of the bubble attachment were determined. It was found that the Teflon surface roughness was the parameter of a crucial importance for the attachment time of the colliding bubble. Depending on degree of the surface roughness the time of the attachment varied by over order of magnitude (from 3 to over 80 ms). In the case the Teflon surfaces having roughness below 1 μm there were recorded four to five “approach–bounce” cycles prior to the bubble attachment. Moreover, after the first collision the rapid pulsations of the bubble shape (within fraction of millisecond) were recorded. For surfaces of roughness ca. 50 μm and larger the attachment always occurred during the first collision—there was no bouncing observed and the time of the attachment was below 3 ms. It was documented that presence of a micro-bubble at the surface facilitated attachment of the colliding bubble.     

Statistical features of aftershock distribution size for moderate and large earthquakes in Chinese mainland

Based on data of earthquake sequences with MS≥5.0 in Chinese mainland from 1970 to 2004,for different se-quence types and different rupture modes of the main shock,the relationship between aftershock distribution size Rand the magnitude of the main shock M0 has been studied statistically.Considering the rupture mode of the mainshock,we give the quantitative statistical relationships between R and M0 under 95%confidence level for differentsequence types.Qualitatively,lgR,the logarithm of the aftershock distribution size,is positively correlative to theM0,but the data distribution is dispersed.Viewing from different sequence types,the correlation between R and M0is very weak for isolated earthquake type(IET)sequence,R distributes in the range from 5 to 60 km;For main-shock-aftershock type(MAT),lgR is positively correlative to M0;For multiple main shock type(MMT),the core-lation between lgR and M0 is not very obvious when M0≤6.2 and R distributes in the range from 5 to 70 km,whileit shows a linear correlation when M0≥6.3.The statistical results also show that the occupational ratios of differentsequence types for strike-slip and oblique slip are almost the same.But for dip-slip(mostly are thrust mechanisms),the ratio of MAT is higher than that of IET and MMT.Comparing with previous results,it indicates that,when M0is large enough,R is mainly determined by M0 and there is almost no relationship with the rupture mode of themain shock.     

中国大陆中强以上地震余震分布尺度的统计特征

依据1970年以来记录相对完备的MSge;5.0地震序列资料，统计研究了中国大陆余震分布尺度与序列最大地震震级M0及最大地震破裂形式之间的关系. 在95%置信概率下，考虑主震破裂形式， 分序列类型给出了余震分布尺度与M0之间的统计关系. 定性而言，余震分布尺度的对数lgR与M0正相关， 但数据分布较为离散. 分类型来看， 孤立型序列余震分布尺度与M0之间统计相关程度低， 余震分布尺度介于5~60 km之间； 主余型序列lgR与M0正相关； 多震型序列当M0le;6.2时lgR与M0之间相关性不显著，余震分布尺度介于5~70 km之间， 当M0ge;6.3时lgR与M0线性相关. 统计结果还表明， 走滑近走滑及斜滑型主震所导致序列类型比例之间没有显著差异，而倾滑近倾滑型主震（主要为逆断型破裂）所导致的主余型序列所占比例较高， 孤立型及多震型序列所占比例则相对较低. 对比研究显示， 当M0较高时，余震分布尺度主要取决于主震大小而与主震破裂形式关系不明显.      

浅谈利用GPS布设大型桥梁施工控制网

结合本公司实施的一个大桥施工控制网测量项目,详细介绍了利用GPS进行大型桥梁施工控制网布设的方法,从方案比选、选点埋石、坐标系和投影面选择、测量过程中的质量控制措施、控制网的复测与维护等方面做了较为详细的介绍。     

浅谈利用GPS布设大型桥梁施工控制网

结合本公司实施的一个大桥施工控制网测量项目，详细介绍了利用GPS进行大型桥梁施工控制网布设的方法，从方案比选、选点埋石、坐标系和投影面选择、测量过程中的质量控制措施、控制网的复测与维护等方面做了较为详细的介绍。     

基于地性线的不规则三角网优化构建算法

提出了利用自动增加特征点消除平三角形的方法，并通过重构等高线验证了构网算法的实用性和有效性。实验表明，本文算法能很好地消除不合理的平三角形，优化三角网结构。