活动断层探察数据的信息编码优化研究

从20世纪90年代起,研究人员就开始探索活动断层探察数据的制作、存储与管理。迄今为止,已经获得了大量的活动断层探察数据,建成了一套系统的数据组织体系,为减轻地震灾害的相关研究提供了数据和技术支撑。近年来,随着活动断层数据库信息的扩充,初期设计的部分属性信息编码已不适用。为了形成适应当前工作的属性信息编码体系,本文以活动断层数据库建设体系为基础,对数据库属性值代码进行信息分类和编码优化。文章将数据库属性值代码分为字符型单一含义值、数值型单一含义值及复合含义值,分别进行编码规则设计,最终优化了数据库属性信息编码体系,提高了从建库到数据应用的数据录入、检测、制图自动化、数据分析等环节的效率。     

渤海海峡及周边区域地壳结构的层析成像特征

渤海海峡是连接中国东部山东半岛和辽东半岛的重要途径,其跨海通道的地壳稳定性研究受到高度关注.本文利用地震层析成像方法重建三维P波速度模型,揭示了渤海海峡及周边区域地壳和上地幔的构造特征.结果表明,渤海海峡的速度结构存在明显的非均匀性,海峡北部地壳速度较高,结构较为完整,断层活动不明显,与现今较弱的地震活动相吻合,但是地壳底部存在低速薄层,它有可能成为地壳和上地幔之间的滑脱带,需要开展进一步的研究加以确认.相比之下,海峡南部地壳速度偏低,附近区域地震活动频繁,与张家口—蓬莱断裂带通过于此有着密切的联系,该断裂持续不断的地震活动对海峡南部的地壳结构产生了较大的影响.在渤海南部,郯庐断裂带东、西两侧的地壳结构明显不同,西侧速度偏高,东侧至渤海海峡速度偏低,这一特征可能与此地区广泛发育的断层和地震活动有关.另外,受华北克拉通破坏及地幔上涌的影响,渤海地区地壳深部和上地幔速度偏低,郯庐断裂带及渤海海峡附近显示出深部热流的活动迹象,反映了岩石圈减薄和软流圈的局部抬升.     

软流圈物质运动对鄂尔多斯块体周缘断陷盆地运动特征的影响

研究软流圈物质运动及其对断陷盆地运动特征的影响,是揭示软流圈与岩石圈相互作用,认识华北克拉通破坏的深部动力学过程的基础.本文以鄂尔多斯块体周缘断陷盆地为研究对象,利用数值方法模拟了盆地底部软流圈物质的运动,进而分析了软流圈物质运动对周缘断陷盆地运动特征的影响.研究结果表明:(1)软流圈物质水平运动的区域流向为NWW-SEE向,流速基本一致,局部略有变化.随着深度增加,局部变化特征不再显著;(2)软流圈物质垂向运动存在区域性差异,其中鄂尔多斯体块体北部、西部以及北缘、西缘底部,物质以下沉流为主,尤其西缘下沉流更显著;块体中部、东部以及南缘、西南缘底部,以上升流为主;东缘底部,上升流与下沉流相间分布,以上升流为主.随着深度增加,上述区域性差异特征依然明显;(3)依据热物质的水平拖曳和垂向拉张作用对断陷盆地可能产生的影响,进一步推测,软流圈物质运动有利于北缘盆地的剪切走滑,东缘盆地的伸展拉张,南缘盆地的走滑兼拉张,西缘和西南缘盆地的走滑.     

LATE QUATERNARY FAULTED LANDFORMS AND FAULT ACTIVITY OF THE HUASHAN PIEDMONT FAULT

Based on the 1︰50000 active fault geological mapping, combining with high-precision remote imaging, field geological investigation and dating technique, the paper investigates the stratum, topography and faulted landforms of the Huashan Piedmont Fault. Research shows that the Huashan Piedmont Fault can be divided into Lantian to Huaxian section (the west section), Huaxian to Huayin section (the middle section) and Huayin to Lingbao section (the east section) according to the respective different fault activity. The fault in Lantian to Huaxian section is mainly contacted by loess and bedrock. Bedrock fault plane has already become unsmooth and mirror surfaces or striations can not be seen due to the erosion of running water and wind. 10~20m high fault scarps can be seen ahead of mountain in the north section near Mayu gully and Qiaoyu gully, and we can see Malan loess faulted profiles in some gully walls. In this section terraces are mainly composed of T₁ and T₂ which formed in the early stage of Holocene and late Pleistocene respectively. Field investigation shows that T₁ is continuous and T₂ is dislocated across the fault. These indicate that in this section the fault has been active in the late Pleistocene and its activity becomes weaker or no longer active after that. In the section between Huaxian and Huayin, neotectonics is very obvious, fault triangular facets are clearly visible and fault scarps are in linear distribution. Terrace T₁, T₂ and T₃ develop well on both sides of most gullies. Dating data shows that T₁ forms in 2~3ka BP, T₂ forms in 6~7ka BP, and T₃ forms in 60~70ka BP. All terraces are faulted in this section, combing with average ages and scarp heights of terraces, we calculate the average vertical slip rates during the period of T₃ to T₂, T₂ to T₁ and since the formation of T₁, which are 0.4mm/a, 1.1mm/a and 1.6mm/a, and among them, 1.1mm/a can roughly represent as the average vertical slip rate since the middle stage of Holocene. Fault has been active several times since the late period of late Pleistocene according to fault profiles, in addition, Tanyu west trench also reveals the dislocation of the culture layer of(0.31~0.27)a BP. 1~2m high scarps of floodplains which formed in(400~600)a BP can be seen at Shidiyu gully and Gouyu gully. In contrast with historical earthquake data, we consider that the faulted culture layer exposed by Tanyu west trench and the scarps of floodplains are the remains of Huanxian M_S8½ earthquake. The fault in Huayin to Lingbao section is also mainly contacted by loess and mountain bedrock. Malan loess faulted profiles can be seen at many river outlets of mountains. Terrace geomorphic feature is similar with that in the west section, T₁ is covered by thin incompact Holocene sand loam, and T₂ is covered by Malan loess. OSL dating shows that T₂ formed in the early to middle stage of late Pleistocene. Field investigation shows that T₁ is continuous and T₂ is dislocated across the fault. These also indicate that in this section fault was active in the late Pleistocene and its activity becomes weaker or no longer active since Holocene. According to this study combined with former researches, we incline to the view that the seismogenic structure of Huanxian M_S8½ earthquake is the Huashan Piedmont Fault and the Northern Margin Fault of Weinan Loess, as for whether there are other faults or not awaits further study.     

川滇活动块体中-北部主要活动断裂带现今应力状态的分区特征

恢复2009年1月1日-2015年12月31日间川滇活动块体中-北部1012次2.0≤M_L≤5.0地震的震源谱,计算标量地震矩M_o、震源尺度r和应力降△_σ等震源参数并拟合各参数间的定标关系,基于区域地震构造背景、活动断裂展布以及地震活动的成丛分布将研究区划分成四个统计单元,分别讨论各构造单元的应力分布特征、地震应力降随地点位置的变化以及应力-应变加载作用与区域变形的动力学过程的关联.结果显示:中小地震释放的应力降△_σ在0.1~10 MPa;标量地震矩M_o与近震震级M_L呈现较好线性关系(lgM_0=0.92M_L+10.46);应力降与地震大小的关系与Nuttli的增加应力降(ISD)模型比较吻合(1g△_σ=0.31 1gM_0-3.92).震源应力降结果显示:①金沙江断裂端部为低应力区,断裂单元整体滑动速率较高、强震活动极少,不具备强震发生的应力高度集中条件;在3条次级断裂构成的条带断裂结构中,理塘断裂上的应力-应变加载作用自北西向南东逐渐减弱,相对闭锁的北西段较其他部位更易积累应变.②鲜水河断裂带的地震应力降以康定为界南低北高,南段(康定-石棉)短期内难以积累较高应变,北段(甘孜-康定)应力水平较高,已发生的中强地震尚未能填充地震矩释放的亏空区,段落局部仍有较高的应力积累.③安宁河-则木河断裂上高应力降地震事件集中,该单元的应变积累强、应力水平最高,地震危险性大.④丽江—小金河断裂上不同震级地震的应力降特征并不相同,推测与当地复杂的构造背景有关,具体原因尚需深入探讨;木里地区应力背景较低,可能受当地构造环境的影响.研究表明,地震应力降随地点位置而系统变化,高应力降地震事件多发生在断裂与断裂的交汇部位,而断裂无闭锁条件、断裂以蠕滑为主且断面松弛、断裂端部为高温或破碎塑性变形带时,多以低应力降地震事件为主;与通常所认为的"走滑断裂不易积累应力"相反的是,鲜水河断裂带、安宁河—则木河断裂带均表现出较高的应力水平,其原因一方面可能是因为已发生的中强地震无论数量还是强度都尚不足以释放已经积累的能量,另一方面也许是在区域变形的复杂动力学过程中,当构造单元间阻碍断层运动和协助积累应力的作用占主导时,相同震级的地震会释放更多的应力.     

Arctangent function‐based third derivative attribute for characterisation of faults

Using seismic attributes such as coherence and curvature to characterise faults not only can improve the efficiency of seismic interpretation but also can expand the capability to detect faults. The coherence and curvature have been widely applied to characterising faults for years. These two methods detect faults based on the similarity of seismic waveforms and shapes of the reflectors, respectively, and they are complementary to each other and both have advantages and disadvantages in fault characterisation. A recent development in fault characterisation based on reflector shapes has been the use of the rate of change of curvature. Through an application to the seismic data from Western Tazhong of the Tarim Basin, China, it was demonstrated that the rate of change of curvature is more capable of detecting subtle faults having quite small throws and heaves. However, there often exist multiple extreme values indicating the same fault when applying the rate of change of curvature, which significantly degrades the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the computation result for multiple extrema interfering with each other. To resolve this problem, we propose the use of a linear combination of arctangent and proportional functions as the directrix of a cylindrical surface to fit the fault model and calculate its third derivative, which can then be used to characterise the fault. Through an application to the 3D seismic data from Western Tazhong of the Tarim Basin, the results show that the proposed method not only retains the same capability to detect subtle faults having small throws as the curvature change rate but also greatly improves the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the calculated result.     

六盘山断裂带的地震构造特征与强震危险背景

集成活动构造与震源机制解、重新定位小震分布、历史与现今地震、GPS速度场等资料,综合分析了六盘山断裂带的构造动力学条件与变形方式、横剖面构造、历史强震破裂背景、GPS形变以及现代地震活动性,进而探讨了该断裂带的强震危险背景.结果表明：NNW向六盘山断裂带的运动与变形主要缘于青藏地块东北缘的向东水平挤出受到相对稳定的华北地块西缘（鄂尔多斯地块）阻挡而聚集的水平挤压作用;此外,海原和陇县-宝鸡两条NW向走滑断裂带的左旋运动在右阶区的局部会聚作用,也由六盘山断裂带的变形与运动来承受与转换.横剖面上,六盘山断裂带表现为向东推覆的大型逆冲构造带,主滑脱带位于~25 km深处,之下很可能存在分隔青藏与华北地块的超壳-岩石圈型深断裂带.沿六盘山断裂带中-南段以及更靠南东的陇县-宝鸡断裂带存在总长为120~140 km、至少最近~1400年未发生M ≥ 6½强震破裂的地震空区.地震空区内的断裂,GPS形变显示已有显著应变积累,地震活动上出现为小震稀疏或空缺的部位,以及低b值区,反映那里的断面业已闭锁,并已有高应力积累.因此,六盘山断裂带中-南段和陇县-宝鸡断裂带应是未来可能发生强震/大地震的两个危险地段,潜在地震的最大矩震级估值分别为M_W=7.3±和7.2±.     

汶川地震断裂带滑移行为、物理性质及其大地震活动性——来自汶川地震断裂带科学钻探的证据

断裂带物质组成、结构及其物理性质是理解断裂变形机制和地震破裂过程的基础和关键,断裂带地震（黏滑）和非地震（蠕滑）滑移行为不仅对了解地震活动性和山脉隆升过程具有重要意义,而且直接为防震减灾提供科学依据.我们以穿过龙门山映秀—北川和灌县—安县断裂带的汶川地震断裂带科学钻探（WFSD）岩心和地表出露的断裂带为研究对象,通过对断裂岩组成、结构、显微构造和钻孔物性测井数据进行分析研究,确定了龙门山逆冲断裂带滑移行为和物性特征,初步探讨了大地震活动性和有关断裂带的隆升作用：（1）映秀—北川断裂带倾向NW,浅部倾角~65°,发育的断裂岩厚约180~280 m,由碎裂岩、假玄武玻璃（地震化石）、断层泥和断层角砾岩组成.断裂带具有高自然伽马、高磁化率值、低电阻率、低波速等物理性质以及对称型破碎结构.断层泥普遍具有摩擦热效应的高磁化率值和石墨化作用特征,是古地震滑动的岩石记录.表明映秀—北川断裂带为经常发生大地震的断裂带,晚新生代以来类似汶川地震的大地震复发周期小于6000—10000年,具有千年复发周期特征.（2）灌县—安县断裂带倾向NW,浅部倾角~38°,发育的断裂岩厚约40~50 m,仅由断层泥和断层角砾岩组成,具有典型的"压溶"结构,表现出蠕滑性质.除压溶作用外,定向富集的层状黏土矿物和微孔隙的发育使断层强度变弱.断裂带具上盘破碎的非对称型破碎结构,除具低磁化率值特征外,其他物性与映秀—北川断裂带一致.（3）根据断裂岩厚度与断层滑移量相关经验公式关系,以及断层产状,粗略估算映秀—北川断裂带自中生代以来累积垂直位移量大于9 km,灌县—安县断裂带累积垂直位移量小于3 km.映秀—北川断裂带长期大地震产生的累积垂直位移量是龙门山隆升的主要贡献.     

龙门山断裂带北段南坝地区上地壳S波分裂特征

基于汶川科钻4号井孔（WFSD-4）附近的较小尺度的南坝微震台阵以及较大尺度的川西流动台站和区域台网的固定台站记录到的近震波形资料,通过横波窗内的S波分裂计算,分析了龙门山断裂带北段南坝地区的上地壳介质各向异性特征,并对区域应力场及构造特征展开讨论.S波分裂计算的结果显示研究区快波偏振方向主要表现为NE-NEE向,与北川断裂的走向一致,也与区域主压应力方向一致.小尺度密集分布的南坝微震台阵的计算结果进一步显示,靠近北川断裂的台站,其快波偏振方向与断裂走向一致,而距北川断裂较远的西北部台站的快波偏振方向与断裂走向不一致,反映了上地壳各向异性特征与地表的活动断裂结构密切相关.从南坝微震台阵的归一化时间延迟随时间的变化情况可以发现,在一个震中位于台阵布设范围内的地震事件发生前后,时间延迟有明显的变化,表明时间延迟随时间变化较为敏感,地震的能量影响了介质的性质.对比龙门山断裂带中段的科钻3号井孔周边地区的S波分裂计算结果,归一化时间延迟与本文结果一致,表明龙门山断裂带中段和北段的上地壳介质各向异性强度基本相同.     

海南岛现今三维地壳运动与断裂活动性研究

海南岛曾发生1605年琼山7.5级大震,现今小震多分布在东北缘的南北向地震条带及九所—陵水断裂中东段,马鞍岭—雷虎岭火山群具有潜在喷发危险.新构造运动包括垂直与水平运动.本文采用2009—2014年多期GNSS观测资料及1970 s、1990 s、2013年精密水准资料揭示现今地壳运动特征及断裂活动性,结果表明水平运动以SEE向为主,与华南地块运动一致;南北向小震条带附近以左旋拉张为主,基线变化表明运动具间歇性.岛北部垂直运动在1970 s表现为以海口—屯昌为界的东升西降,以王五—文教断裂为界的南北两侧分段性差异运动.1970 s—1990 s年环岛水准资料揭示相对秀英港水准基点,点位以上升运动为主,且西南相对东北上升,地壳以继承性运动为主.其中琼北垂直运动与1970 s相反.1990 s—2013年资料揭示点位运动趋势与上一时段相反,主要为文昌—琼海—万宁一带上升和其他测点的相对下沉.由形变及地球物理等研究结果推测东北缘小震由铺前—博鳌断裂活动引起.马袅—铺前断裂以北盘下降为主;九所—陵水断裂东段活动大于西段.地震、形变等资料表明现今火山活动平静.