Object-oriented and pixel-based classification approaches to classify tropical successional stages using airborne high–spatial resolution images

Airborne high–spatial resolution images were evaluated for mapping purposes in a complex Atlantic rainforest environment in southern Brazil. Two study sites, covered predominantly by secondary evergreen rainforest, were surveyed by airborne multispectral high-resolution imagery. These aerophotogrammetric images were acquired at four spectral bands (visible to near-infrared) with spatial resolution of 0.39 m. We evaluated different data input scenarios to suit the object-oriented classification approach. In addition to the four spectral bands, auxiliary products such as band ratios and digital elevation models were considered. Comparisons with traditional pixel-based classifiers were also performed. The results showed that the object-based classification approach yielded a better overall accuracy, ranging from 89% to 91%, than the pixel-based classifications, which ranged from 62% to 63%. The individual classification accuracy of forest-related classes, such as young successional forest stages, benefits the object-based approach. These classes have been reported in the literature as the most difficult to map in tropical environments. The results confirm the potential of object-based classification for mapping procedures and discrimination of successional forest stages and other related land use and land cover classes in complex Atlantic rainforest environments. The methodology is suggested for further SAAPI acquisitions in order to monitor such endangered environment as well as to support National Land and Environmental Management Protocols.     

An evaluation of unsupervised and supervised learning algorithms for clustering landscape types in the United States

Knowledge of landscape type can inform cartographic generalization of hydrographic features, because landscape characteristics provide an important geographic context that affects variation in channel geometry, flow pattern, and network configuration. Landscape types are characterized by expansive spatial gradients, lacking abrupt changes between adjacent classes; and as having a limited number of outliers that might confound classification. The US Geological Survey (USGS) is exploring methods to automate generalization of features in the National Hydrography Data set (NHD), to associate specific sequences of processing operations and parameters with specific landscape characteristics, thus obviating manual selection of a unique processing strategy for every NHD watershed unit. A chronology of methods to delineate physiographic regions for the United States is described, including a recent maximum likelihood classification based on seven input variables. This research compares unsupervised and supervised algorithms applied to these seven input variables, to evaluate and possibly refine the recent classification. Evaluation metrics for unsupervised methods include the Davies–Bouldin index, the Silhouette index, and the Dunn index as well as quantization and topographic error metrics. Cross validation and misclassification rate analysis are used to evaluate supervised classification methods. The paper reports the comparative analysis and its impact on the selection of landscape regions. The compared solutions show problems in areas of high landscape diversity. There is some indication that additional input variables, additional classes, or more sophisticated methods can refine the existing classification.     

机器学习法在面向对象影像分类中的对比分析

针对如何选择遥感影像面向地理对象分类方法的问题,该文面向地理国情普查中的地表覆盖分类应用,以3个典型区域(山区、平原、城区)的多源高分辨率遥感影像为实验数据,从分类效果、分类精度等方面对比分析3种分类方法(支持向量机、决策树、随机森林)的优劣。在相同影像分割、特征提取、样本采集条件下,通过333组分类实验,得出以下规律:支持向量机分类方法稳定性强,分类速度快,但对特征数的要求高,特征数目与总体精度、地物环境之间的规律性不强,从而增加了特征提取与选择的难度,而随着特征的增加,决策树、随机森林的总体分类精度均为先升高后降低,最后趋于平衡。最后,综合随机森林对特征的优选机制和支持向量机的高分类精度,得到新的组合分类器。     

Evaluation of LiDAR and image segmentation based classification techniques for automatic building footprint extraction for a segment of Atlantic County,New Jersey

Extracting high-quality building footprints is a basic requirement in multiple sectors of town planning, disaster management, 3D visualization, etc. In the current study, we compare three different techniques for acquiring building footprints using (i) LiDAR, (ii) object-oriented classification (OOC) applied on high-resolution aerial photographs and (iii) digital surface models generated from interpolated LiDAR point cloud data. The three outputs were compared with a digitized sample of building polygons quantitatively by computing the errors of commission and omission, and qualitatively using statistical operations. These findings showed that building footprints derived from OOC gave highest regression and correlation values with least commission error. The R² and R values (0.86 and 0.92, respectively) imply that the footprint areas derived by OOC matched more closely with the actual area of buildings, while a low commission error of 24.7% represented a higher number of footprints as correctly classified.     

南京沿江湿地高光谱与多光谱遥感分类对比分析

随着遥感技术的发展,以及对湿地分类研究的不断深入,如何提高分类精度成为一大研究方向。分类方法、影像数据源、影像的特征提取都影响着分类结果的精度。目前,利用影像数据进行湿地分类,精度难以提高主要是受影像像源的制约,其中,不同湿地类型波谱特性之间的混淆是制约精度提高的直接原因。高光谱(Hyperspectral)遥感是20世纪末对地观测系统中较重要的技术突破之一,随着定量化研究的发展,高光谱遥感技术以其光谱分辨率较高的特点受到国内外广泛关注,并在资源、环境、城市、生态等领域得到了广泛应用。本文比较了湿地分类中hyperion的数据与landset TM数据的分类精度。在进行分类时,使用监督分类的方法(SVM)对南京新济州、新生州、江心洲的湿地地物类型进行分类。结果表明,在训练样本合适的前提下,用高光谱数据进行分类可以得到更高的分类精度。     

“多规合一”空间规划底图编制方法

实现空间性规划"多规合一"需要统一、标准的空间规划底图(地理信息数据库、技术规范等),可为划分城镇、农业、生态三类空间并准确划定边界提供基础数据,也可为相关规划的空间管制分区的细化提供技术支撑。为此,本文分析"多规合一"存在的空间基准、用地分类标准、规划底图、规划基础平台等主要技术问题,提出基于地理国情普查成果编制空间规划底图的方法,并进行黑龙江、海南"多规合一"试点应用,为相关工作提供参考。     

一种遥感影像目标的快速标记算法

遥感影像的分类方法在其研究中占有重要的地位。本文探讨了分类方法中的目标标记方法,比较分析了其原理及各自的优缺点,同时提出了一种快速标记方法。该方法引入了标记号等价结构体,消除了标记号冲突引起的标记差,提高了算法的执行效率,并在实验中验证了该方法的可行性。     

浅议地理国情普查地表覆盖分类数据的质量检查

基于对山西省地理国情普查的生产实践,系统地归纳和总结了影响地表覆盖分类数据质量的三个重要因素及地表覆盖分类数据质量检查的内容与方法,对提高地表覆盖分类数据的质量有积极的意义。     

HJ-1卫星CCD影像的土地利用自动分类及精度分析——以广西钦北区为例

为研究环境一号小卫星影像在土地利用研究领域的应用潜能,本文以广西钦北区为例,对其进行计算机监督分类,在评定监督分类模板精度的前提下,参照第二次全国土地调查农村数据库,对计算机监督分类结果进行精度评定,最后利用计算机自动地将分类结果发送到实地进行野外验证,并对分类的结果进行全面、准确的评价,以此证明提升环境一号CCD影像自动分类精度和准确度能满足土地利用现状调查的要求。     

基于最小距离法的面向对象遥感影像分类

主要介绍了集成基于对象的影像分析与最小距离分类方法的原理,采用中卫市World ViewⅡ影像进行土地覆盖分类研究,并将分类结果与传统的基于像元的最小距离分类结果进行对比。目视解译与定量评价均表明:基于对象方法的各项指标更优越,总体精度由0.85提高到0.87,Kappa系数由0.81提高到0.84。因此,对于高分辨率遥感影像,集成最小距离分类器,基于对象的信息提取方法要优于基于像元方法,分类结果精度更高。