金矿复杂地层金刚石取心钻头选型试验研究

金矿复杂地层金刚石钻进存在岩石坚硬、地层打滑、漏失等问题,影响钻头寿命和钻进效率。在山东招远某金矿勘探中,通过对3个单位制造的金刚石钻头进行现场对比试验研究,证明JBD-75S仿生金刚石钻头在提高钻头寿命方面具有较大的优越性,适合该复杂地层钻进。     

Mineralogical and geochemical characterisation of open-air tailing and waste-rock dumps from the Libiola Fe-Cu sulphide mine (Eastern Liguria,Italy)

Active acid mine drainage (AMD) processes at the Libiola Fe-Cu sulphides mine are mainly triggered by water–rock interaction occurring within open-air tailing and waste-rock dumps. These processes are mainly controlled by exposure to weathering agents, the grain size of the dumped materials, and by the quantity of sulphides, the sulphide types, and their mode of occurrence. Due to these factors, several paragenetic stages of evolution have been recognised at different depths at different sites and within the same site. The dump samples were investigated with mineralogical (reflected- and transmitted-light optical microscopy, XRPD, and SEM-EDS) and geochemical (ICP-AES, Leco) techniques. The AMD evaluation of the tailing and waste-rock samples was performed by calculating the Maximum Potential Acidity, the Acid Neutralising Capacity, (and the Net Acid Producing Potential. The results allowed us to demonstrate that the open-air tailings had already superseded their AMD apex and are now practically inert material composed mainly of stable goethite ± lepidocrocite ± hematite assemblages. On the contrary, the sulphide-rich waste rocks still have a strong potential to produce long term AMD, causing the acidification of circulating waters and the release of several hazardous elements.     

The status of the passive treatment systems for acid mine drainage in South Korea

This study was performed to investigate the operating status, evaluate the problems, and discuss possible improvement methods of passive treatment systems for acid mine drainage (AMD) in South Korea. Thirty-five passive treatment systems in 29 mines have been constructed from 1996 to 2002 using successive alkalinity producing systems (SAPS) as the main treatment process. We investigated 29 systems (two for metal mines), 19 of which revealed various problems. Overflows of drainage from SAPS, wetland, or oxidation ponds were caused by the flow rate exceeding the capacities of the facilities or by the reduced permeability of the organic substance layer. Leakages occurred at various parts of the systems. In some cases, clogged and broken pipes at the mouths of the mine adits made the whole system unusable. Some systems showed very low efficiencies without apparent leakage or overflow. Even though the systems showed fairly good efficiencies in metal removal ratios (mainly iron) and pH control; sulfate removal rates were very poor except in three systems, which may indicate very poor sulfate reductions with sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) as a means.     

焦家金矿矿化元素因子分析

在焦家金矿区地球化学测量的基础上,通过对不同矿化区段地球化学异常结构的因子分析,探讨矿致异常的元素组合特征.认为不同矿化区段公因子都为典型的热液矿床元素组合,其中成矿地段公因子变量数较少且相关性较大,公因子具有很强的代表性,而非矿化地段公因子中则变量相对较多,因子载荷较小;Co,Ni为典型的深源代表组分,仅在矿化地段表现为独立因子,且与主因子表现为明显的负相关;金元素在矿化地段各因子上均具有一定载荷,但集中分布在两个主因子上,而且与As,Hg,Ag,Pb元素的相关性较大,因此F1因子基本代表了矿化公因子的元素组合,是成矿预测最有效的指示标志.     

露天矿边坡变形监测中BP神经网络模型优化设计

提出了一种提升露天矿边坡位移量预测精度和收敛速度的基于自适应混合跳跃粒子群算法(AHJPSO)改进的BP(Back Propagation)神经网络模型。传统的BP神经网络模型在位移量预测过程中存在收敛速度慢、预测精度低、易陷入局部极小值的问题,而自适应混合跳跃粒子群算法具有快速寻优能力以及能够在迭代计算的过程中有效避免陷入局部极小值的能力,所以采用自适应混合跳跃粒子群算法优化后的BP神经网络模型,能够使BP神经网络模型对露天矿边坡位移量的预测精度更高、算法收敛速度更快,并有效跳出局部极小值。     

海河流域河流季节化对地下水及生态环境的影响

本文在分析海河流域河流季节化趋势的基础上 ,着重探讨河流断流给下游平原地区地下水及生态环境所带来的深刻影响。研究认为 :河流季节化与下游平原地区地下水之间存在着相互影响、互为因果的密切关系 ,河流季节化因地下水超采的日趋严重而愈演愈烈 ;反过来 ,愈演愈烈的河流季节化又极其深刻地影响着地下水的时空分布、补给条件及运动流场等方面 ,同时也给下游平原地区带来一系列的生态环境问题 ,如地下水降落漏斗、地面沉降、海咸水入侵、河流功能衰退、湿地生态退化和水质恶化等。     

Delineation of Microscale Regimes of Fully-Developed Drainage and Implications for Continuum Models

Despite significant progress made in recent years, a fundamental understanding of immiscible displacements at the macroscale is lacking. In this paper we use a version of percolation theory, based on invasion percolation in a gradient, to connect drainage processes at the pore-network scale with the displacement at the macroscale. When the mobility ratio M is sufficiently small, the displacement is stabilized and can be described by invasion percolation in a stabilizing gradient. In the opposite case, it has common features with invasion percolation in a destabilizing gradient. A diagram delineating the regimes of fully developed drainage is developed. The transition between stabilized displacement and fingering is controlled by the change of the sign of the gradient of the percolation probability, and the transition boundary is described by a scaling law involving the capillary number and the viscosity ratio. We review recent work for random networks and extend the method to correlated pore networks. As the regimes of stabilized displacement are also those for which conventional theories (such as the Buckley–Leverett equation) are expected to apply, the phase diagram helps to delineate their validity.     

Some problems associated with past mining at a mine in the Witbank coalfield, South Africa

 Mining in the Witbank Coalfield commenced at the turn of the century. Initially there was little environmental degradation associated with mining activities; however, in the late 1930s and early 1940s a pillar-robbing programme commenced. At one particular mine this has had marked effects on the environment. Primary effects include subsidence, the appearance of tension cracks at the surface and crownhole development. Secondary effects include spontaneous combustion of the coal worked, as air has been provided with ready access to the mine, accelerated subsidence due to the strength of many pillars being reduced by burning, and a marked deterioration in groundwater quality in the area. Spoil heaps also form blemishes on the landscape. These contain significant amounts of coal and have undergone spontaneous combustion. The deterioration in the water quality has led to the decimation of vegetation in some areas and the eradication of aquatic flora and fauna in a nearby stream. Received: 5 March 1997 · Accepted: 1 July 1997     

Mobilisierbarkeit von hydrophoben organischen Schadstoffen in belasteten Böden und Abfällen. Teil I: Mobilisierbarkeit von PCB,PAK und n-Alkanen durch Lösungsvermittler

Mobilization Potential of Hydrophobic Organic Compounds (HOCs) in Contaminated Soils and Waste Materials. Part I: Mobilization Potential of PCBs, PAHs, and Aliphatic Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Solubilizing Substances When using an elution procedure for organic pollutants to estimate the leaching behaviour of contamined soils and waste deposits, the influence of organic matter in solids and eluates adequately has to be considered. In batch tests with a solid/liquid ratio of 1:10, various aqueous solutions were composed, the solubilizing effect of which can be attributed to ubiquitous natural compounds (e. g., phospholipids, humic and carbonic acids). These solutions were evaluated in regard to the mobilization of PAHs, PCBs, and aliphatic hydrocarbons in soil and waste samples. The results were compared with batch tests containing sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), the properties and applications of which are selected and optimized in order to simulate the chemical interactions between pollutant and solubilizing substances of natural sources. Under alkaline conditions, the part of eluated pollutants was high because of the release of humic substances indigenous to the sample. Low concentrations of phospholipids and humic acid could decrease the mobility of aliphatic hydrocarbons. The extend of HOC mobilization is affected by specific interdependences between solubilizing substances and reactive matter of the samples. For most samples, 5.0 g/L concentrated SDS solution was able to simulate the most effective natural solutizer potential in regard to the mobilization of PAHs, PCBs, and aliphatic hydrocarbons within the system of batch tests. Whereas elution with pure water caused significant deviations in pollutant composition and too low yields, the use of SDS effected à good conformity. Modified in such a manner, the elution procedure can follow DIN 38414 part 4, when loss of pollutants will be minimized; e. g., centrifugation is needed to separate phases.     

安徽风景区花岗岩断裂构造及景观资源

以安徽黄山、九华山风景区为例，对花岗岩形成的地形陡峭，沟谷纵横，植被茂密的山区，采用水系形态分析，探讨岩石的断裂构造发育规律．指出自然景观与断裂构造的关系，并运用自然界边际效应规律，对景观资源分析作了预测．