煤矿井充水特征及多方法预测矿坑涌水量

评价矿井充水特征和预测矿井涌水量是煤矿床水文地质勘查中一项重要和复杂的工作,不同矿区呈现出不同的水文地质特征,单方法预测矿坑涌水量风险较大,与实际出入甚远,应深入分析水文地质条件和矿床充水的各项因子,采用多方法预测矿坑涌水量。以云南省镇雄县坪上兴隆煤矿为例,分析研究水文地质条件和矿井充水特征,分别采用比拟法、地下水动力学法和回归分析法预测矿坑涌水量,为兴隆煤矿提供安全生产参考,也为矿区水资源开发和水环境保护提供依据。     

自然泥石流与矿渣泥石流复合效应与防治对策

石棉县后沟是一条典型的自然泥石流和矿渣泥石流并存的泥石流沟。本文以石棉后沟为例,结合早期自然泥石流、矿产开采以来矿渣泥石流、以及2013年7 4复合型泥石流,总结了自然泥石流和矿渣泥石流的复合效应,包括泥石流物源补给的多元效应、泥石流发展演化的逆转效应、泥石流起动发生的复杂效应、泥石流动力沿程的放大效应、泥石流致灾破坏的链式效应。对照泥石流对已建防治工程的破坏,提出了自然泥石流和矿渣泥石流复合型泥石流沟防治对策,建议充分利用起动位置和物源集中补给位置的差异,加强对中上游及支沟自然泥石流起动和运动的拦挡防治,最大限度减小自然泥石流对下游矿渣防护工程的基底侵蚀和冲击破坏,从而保障综合防治工程的有效性。     

Controlling Factors,Accumulation Model and Target Zone Prediction of the Coal‐bed Methane in the Huanghebei Coalfield,North China

The Huanghebei Coalfield, one of the coal production bases in North China, was considered as a coalfield without coal‐bed methane (CBM) during past decades. In recent years, however, CBM has been discovered in coal‐bearing successions. In order to understand the CBM geological characteristics and accumulation process in this area, fifteen coal samples were collected and analyzed with respect to coal maceral and reflectance. The result shows that the gas distribution is uneven and the content varies in different areas even for the same coal bed. The storage of CBM is affected by geological factors such as burial depth, geological structures, and magmatic intrusion, among which the former two are more important in the formation of CBM. Deep burial of coal beds with the presence of cap‐rock mudstone can seal CBM. The CBM is also accumulated and preserved at the place where normal faults are distributed. Magmatic intrusion causes contact metamorphism and controls the CBM formation by heating the coal‐bearing successions. The obtained data indicate the geological conditions in northeastern Zhaoguan Mine are preferable for CBM formation and conservation; recent exploration estimates the CBM geological reserves up to 282.16 Mm³ and average of reserve abundance at 0.1662 × 10⁸ m³ km^?2. The Changqing Mine is a potential prospect in terms of CBM exploration since its geological conditions (structures and burial depth) are similar to the Zhaoguan Mine and its cap rock is even better.     

Design of drainage blankets for leachate recirculation in bioreactor landfills using two-phase flow modeling

Drainage blankets (DB) are used for leachate recirculation in bioreactor landfills and consist of highly permeable material placed over a large area of the landfill with the leachate injection pipe embedded in the material at specified locations. DBs are generally installed at different depth levels during the waste filling operations. Very limited information is reported on performance of DBs, and that which exists is based on a small number of field monitoring and modeling studies. A rational method for the design of landfills using DBs has not been developed. This study performs a parametric analysis based on a validated two-phase flow model and presents design charts to guide the design of DBs for given hydraulic properties of MSW, the leachate injection rate and the dimensions and locations of the DB as measured from the leachate collection and recirculation system (LCRS) located at the bottom of the landfill cell. Numerical simulations were performed for the two established MSW conditions: homogeneous–isotropic and heterogeneous–anisotropic waste. The optimal levels of leachate saturation, wetted width, wetted area and developed pore water and pore gas pressures were determined, and design charts using the normalized parameters were developed. An example is presented on the use of design charts for typical field application.     

渣尔泰山地区白垩纪酸性火山岩地质特征及成矿作用

渣尔泰山地区位于内蒙古中西部,大地构造位置处于华北地台北缘狼山-渣尔泰山裂陷槽的东段,根据近几年的找矿实践与研究,在白垩纪的酸性火山岩中已发现银金矿床、金银矿床,主要赋存于下白垩统白女羊盘组酸性火山岩中。该套火山岩具富硅富钾、相对贫钙镁的特点,属于铝过饱和的碱性系列;在球粒陨石标准化图解上岩石化学样品均显示为轻稀土(LREE)相对富集、重稀土(HREE)相对亏损的右倾型配分模式,轻重稀土分异较明显,显示较明显的负铕异常;微量元素显示明显的Rb、Pb正异常和Ba、Sr负异常,不相容元素比值Zr/Nb=2.47~4.87,Zr/Y=18.3~103。属大陆碰撞造山期后作用的产物,来源于地壳部分熔融。其岩石类型主要有:流纹质凝灰角砾岩、流纹质角砾凝灰岩、球粒状流纹岩、珍珠岩、显微嵌晶状流纹岩夹流纹斑岩等。银多金属矿的含矿层主要由复碎裂复硅化流纹质凝灰角砾岩、硅化复碎裂流纹岩、多期次硅化黄铁矿化角砾岩化流纹斑岩等组成。成矿元素Ag、Au、Sb、W显著富集于流纹质凝灰角砾岩、多期次硅化碎裂的流纹岩、流纹斑岩中,其平均含量高于中国流纹岩元素丰度10倍以上,说明该套火山岩提供了成矿物质来源;且元素含量的分异程度较大,指示明显受到后期成矿作用的叠加;有一定的找矿潜力。     

渭河盆地的水系与现代构造运动

通过卫星象片解释、实地调查测量和查阅历史文献,本文较全面地研究了渭河盆地的水系及其所反映的现代构造运动特征。水系平面组合形态、渭河河型、水系转折及冲沟错位、河流密度、渭河河床的迁移、历史水涝灾害都一致地反映本区现代构造运动继承了第四纪以来的特点。水系历史演变又表明现代构造运动具有周期性。据水系错位和河流流向的统计分析确定本区现代构造应力场主压应力方向为N50°～60°E。本文最后还讨论了根据水系研究现代构造运动的意义以及应注意的问题。     

莱芜市矿山排水对地质环境的影响分析

莱芜市煤炭和铁矿资源丰富,开采历史悠久,矿山排水量较大。煤矿矿坑水中SO42-、总硬度、矿化度、F-等组分较高,对地下水水化学场构成影响,矿区附近SO42-含量大于300 mg/L的孔隙水分布面积9.98 km2。铁矿排水具有高强度、大降深、强烈疏干的特征,导致矿山背斜东翼已形成水位降落漏斗,其中水位标高120 m的漏斗面积达27.5 km2,由于矿坑排水加之水源开采,1973年以来赵庄、孟家庄、西泉河地段共发生岩溶塌陷220处,塌陷总面积8 880 m2。     

Syn-rift to post-rift tectonic transition and drainage reorganization in continental rifting basins: Detrital zircon analysis from the Songliao Basin,NE China

Tectonic transition from a syn-rift stage to subsequent post-rift stage is an important mechanism in the evolution of extensional basins. The sedimentary infill records the crustal response to this process. We have obtained new detrital zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf signatures from the Lower Cretaceous stratigraphic successions encompassing the commonly accepted syn- to post-rift transition boundary, the T4 unconformity, in the Songliao Basin, NE China. These constrain the Songliao Basin’s evolution from its center to distal margins, providing insights into the sediment provenance and dispersal pattern over the tectonic transition. Analysis of zircons from the syn-rift (the Shahezi and Yingcheng formations) and immediate post-rift (the Lower and Middle Denglouku Formation) stages reveals Phanerozoic age populations with positive ?_Hf(t) values, which were derived from the proximal juvenile mantle-derived melt origin bedrocks of the Songliao Block. In contrast, the overlying samples from the Upper Denglouku Formation deposited in the subsequent post-rift stage contain exotic and ancient zircon populations with ages of 2.5 Ga & 1.8 Ga and complex hafnium signatures, characteristic of a mixed origin. These are interpreted to be transported from distant cratonic terranes via larger drainage networks. It is obvious that the sediment dispersal pattern switched from being a local and hydrologically closed “intraregional” pattern to a “transcontinental” pattern during the transition. The time lag between the development of the T4 unconformity and the drainage reorganization also ensures a distinguishable ～3 Myr (106103 Ma, Late Albian) transition period of regional extent. During this transition stage, syn-rift faulting was replaced by post-rift thermal subsidence, exhibiting a uniform sag configuration. Our new findings are important for understanding other continental rift basins during syn- to post-rift transition, which often demonstrates a complex interaction between the linkage and integration of sub-basins, and the reorganization of fluvial drainages and catchment systems.     

煤矿排水对枣庄市清凉泉水源地污染作用分析

近年来,随着枣庄市陶枣矿区煤矿资源的大规模开发,矿坑排水对矿区地下水资源及生态环境产生的负面影响愈发突出,尤其是矿坑水沿地表河流排放途中,通过灰岩“天窗”大量灌入岩溶地下水中,造成地处煤田下游的清凉泉水源地水质遭受明显污染,供水水质难以保证。根据矿坑排水量、水源地水质、开采现状等分析认为,对串层污染进行封堵和控制矿坑水排放渠道是防治水源地污染的有效措施。     

Chemical dynamics of N-containing ionic species in a boreal forest snowcover during the spring melt period

A study of the changes in the ionic loads of NO, NH, SO and H⁺ in a boreal forest snowpack at Lake Laflamme, Québec was carried out using hydrological and chemical data from field lysimeters. The results showed that depletion of the N-containing species occurs periodically in the snowpack during meltwater discharge. Rain-on-snow events led to in-pack losses of NO and NH at a rate of 130 μeq m^?2 day^?1 and 101·3 μeq m^?2day^?1 respectively. On dry days, however, dry deposition and deposition of organic debris from the canopy resulted in increases of 183·3 μeq m^?2day^?1 for NO and 4·5 μeq m^?2day^?1 for NH in the pack. In contrast, SO₄^2? showed continual in-pack increases due to deposition of 5·0 μeq m^?2day^?1 for wet days and 92·6 μeq m^?2day^?1 for dry days. The depletion of NO and NH is due to microbiological uptake of these nutrients during periods when the free water content of the pack is high. Controlled melts in a laboratory snowmelt simulator containing snow and organic matter from the forest canopy at Lake Laflamme showed losses of NO and NH similar to those observed in the field. As the microbiological uptake proceeds at a rate comparable to that of ionic load increases in the pack by dry deposition, models of the chemical dynamics of snowmelt should take the former into account in any system where organic content of the snowpack is appreciable.