Accumulation and transport behaviour of 241americium, 60cobalt and 134cesium by eggs of the spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula

An experimental study examined the 96-h net influx from seawater of the anthropogenic radionuclides (241)Am, (60)Co and (134)Cs through the egg-case of the spotted dogfish Scyliorhinus canicula. Net influx directly through the wall of the egg-case was greatest for (134)Cs, then (241)Am and lastly (60)Co. Within the egg-case wall itself the measured concentration factors (CFs) and their gradients in the external, median and internal layers showed that for both (241)Am and (60)Co they were >10(3) in the external layer and declined by an order of magnitude in the interior layer. In contrast (134)Cs had a CF of only about three in the external layer which declined by a factor of 2 towards the two more internal layers of the egg-case. The egg-case apertures, that open within the prehatching stage of embryological development, significantly (P<0.05) increased the net influx of (241)Am and (60)Co to the interior of the egg-case, although their water concentrations were still lower than those in the labelled seawater bath. In contrast, the aperture did not increase the net influx of (134)Cs whose water concentrations equilibrated with those in seawater. Together these results indicate that the egg-case wall is very permeable to (134)Cs, representing little barrier to its movement, and hence consistent with the lack of importance of the aperture in determining its internal water concentrations in the egg-case. In contrast, (241)Am and (60)Co show much higher rates of accumulation by the egg-case, consistent with the measured reduced permeability of its wall, and therefore giving greater prominence to its aperture in the net transfer of these two radionuclides to the egg case's interior. The presence of the embryo within its egg-case did not significantly (P>0.05) affect the rates of influx of radioisotopes, with the exception of an interactive effect for (60)Co with the egg-case aperture (P<0.05). The CF of only (241)Am in the embryo itself relative to the external seawater concentration was significantly (P<0.05) enhanced by the presence of the aperture.     

Marine debris accumulation in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands: an examination of rates and processes

Large amounts of derelict fishing gear accumulate and cause damage to shallow coral reefs of the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (NWHI). To facilitate maintenance of reefs cleaned during 1996-2005 removal efforts, we identify likely high-density debris areas by assessing reef characteristics (depth, benthic habitat type, and energy regime) that influence sub-regional debris accumulation. Previously cleaned backreef and lagoonal reefs at two NWHI locations were resurveyed for accumulated debris using two survey methods. Accumulated debris densities and weights were found to be greater in lagoonal reef areas. Sample weight-based debris densities are extrapolated to similar habitats throughout the NWHI using a spatial 'net habitat' dataset created by generalizing IKONOS satellite derivatives for depth and habitat classification. Prediction accuracy for this dataset is tested using historical debris point data. Annual NWHI debris accumulation is estimated to be 52.0 metric tonnes. For planning purposes, individual NWHI atolls/reefs are allotted a proportion of this total.     

基于结构两相阻力分析的泥石流堆积形态研究

针对泥石流的结构两相阻力特征,采用结构两相阻力对泥石流的堆积形态进行了静力学分析,推导出在一般条件下泥石流堆积形态的公式,并讨论了在不同条件下泥石流堆积形态的特点。分析表明采用结构两相阻力对泥石流堆积形态分析可以较合理的模化阻力项,能够表现泥石流体复杂的成分结构组成,较真实的反映实际泥石流的堆积形态特征。在特定材料条件下,结构两相阻力项转化为单一材料阻力项,所得到的相应结论与已有对单一材料的分析结论一致。     

松辽盆地北部生物气成藏特征和资源潜力

对松辽盆地北部生物气形成的地质条件、成藏特征和有利分布区进行了深入研究,认为该盆地北部未熟一低熟源岩分布广,生物气主要分布在源岩有机质丰度高、类型好和泥岩厚度大的地区.松辽盆地北部浅层温度低、压力小、盐度低和NaHCO₃型水介质有利于生物气的生成.生物气成藏一般为低丰度、高产的小型气藏,平面上可能具有广泛的分布特征.综合地球化学、地质、录井和测井研究成果,确定了松辽盆地北部生物气的3个有利勘探区带：一是西部斜坡的萨尔图油层;二是古龙和长垣南部的黑帝庙油层;三是三肇凹陷和朝阳沟一长春岭地区的葡萄花油层.     

松辽盆地二氧化碳气藏成因及成藏期次分析

通过组分分析、碳同位素及氦同位素分析认为长岭二氧化碳气藏为幔源岩浆成因。文中充分利用包裹体的岩相学特征、均一温度特征、气体组分特征以及碳同位素特征等对长岭断陷CO_2气藏的成藏期次进行了分析,长岭断陷CO_2气藏包裹体温度为160～170℃,均超过该区古地温,推断为热流事件造成的,通过对松辽盆地大地构造环境以及其它分析,综合认为长岭断陷CO_2气藏主要形成于中生代末期至新生代,应为晚期成藏。     

三江平原典型湿地剖面有机碳分布特征与积累现状

研究了三江平原3类典型湿地（泥炭沼泽、腐殖质沼泽和沼泽化草甸）沉积物剖面有机碳的组分与分布特征。结果表明,泥炭沼泽、腐殖质沼泽和沼泽化草甸剖面有机碳分布具有明显的储碳层和淀积层。储碳层厚度分别约为110、60和15 cm,有机碳平均含量分别为295、280和60 g/kg（干物质重）。泥炭沼泽和腐殖质沼泽储碳层内,有机碳主要组分为分解程度低的轻组碳（约占总有机碳的70%以上）,沼泽化草甸的储碳层内轻组碳约为16%。储碳层以下淀积层的有机碳含量都 < 30 g/kg,轻组碳含量很少。3种类型湿地剖面轻组碳与总有机碳之间有着极显著的正相关关系（[WTBX]P[WT]=0.01）。初步建立了湿地有机碳储量的估算方法,得到3种类型湿地剖面1 m内的有机碳储量分别为6.62×104、4.90×104和1.44×104 t/km2,2 m内分别为8.16×104、6.81×104和2.24×104 t/km2。     

南堡凹陷3号潜山成藏特征探讨

南堡3号潜山位于南堡凹陷的东南部,是南堡油田勘探开发的重要接替区域之一。文章通过对构造、烃源岩、储集层、生储盖组合等方面的分析,认为南堡3号潜山成藏条件优越:具有洼中隆的有利构造背景;潜山油源主要来自下古近系,且烃源岩已不同程度地进入成熟-高成熟阶段;储集空间发育,储层类型主要为裂缝空隙型;潜山发育良好的生储盖组合;烃源岩供给和储集层发育程度是潜山油气富集的关键因素。     

雅布赖盆地构造演化与油气聚集

雅布赖含油气盆地位于中国西部河西走廊地区北部,处于华北克拉通阿尔善地块中南部过渡带,属北祁连构造带,中生代为走滑拉分盆地,新生代为挤压冲断坳陷盆地。燕山早期,形成东西向雅布赖拉张断陷,主控断裂为北大山正断层,沉积中心位于盆地南部;燕山中期,碰撞造山作用致使盆地北部急剧抬升,北部中-下侏罗统地层遭受强烈剥蚀;燕山晚期,阿拉善地块及其北部地区处于伸展构造环境,雅布赖山前产生东西向正断层,急剧活动,快速沉降,形成了北东向展布的新的拉张断陷盆地。喜马拉雅期,在挤压走滑作用下,雅布赖盆地南部形成北西向南倾逆冲的推覆构造,致使北大山正断层发生错断瓦解,最终形成"东隆西坳,南断北超"的挤压坳陷构造格局。雅布赖盆地主体沉积凹陷具有较强分割性,沉降凹陷分布于南部,最大沉积岩厚度为5 400 m;凹陷内侏罗系最为发育,中侏罗统新河组、青土井组暗色泥岩、煤岩为烃源岩,砂岩为储集层,新河组泥岩互层作盖层,构成盆地内最主要的含油气组合。由于雅布赖盆地特定的早期深埋,晚期抬升破坏构造格局,造就侏罗系砂岩储层早期强烈压实致密,侏罗系煤系烃源岩成熟较晚,构造发育期与烃源岩排烃期不匹配,生成油气主要表现为近源成藏与层内滞留,形成源内自生自储,致密油应是主要勘探对象。     

Vitellogenin as biomarker for estrogenicity in flounder Platichthys flesus in the field and exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol via food and water in the laboratory

The ability of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) to elevate vitellogenin levels were investigated in male flounder Platichthys flesus and vitellogenin concentrations in flounders from the Danish coastal environment were determined. Male flounders were exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) via food or water. Average vitellogenin concentrations in the control fish ranged between 25 and 100 ng mL⁻¹. Exposure to 5.1, 8.1 and 16.8 ng EE2 L⁻¹ in water and 500 and 5000 ng EE2 kg⁻¹ body weight (bw) every second day in the food increased the plasma vitellogenin concentration in a concentration and time dependent manner, whereas exposure to 2.7 ng EE2 L⁻¹ in water for 21 d and 5 and 50 ng EE2 kg⁻¹ bw for 12 days in the food did not. EE2 could be detected in liver and testes (but not in muscle) after exposure to 8.1 and 16.8 ng EE2 L⁻¹ in the water and 5000 ng EE2 kg⁻¹ bw in the food; the highest concentration was 6 ng g⁻¹ wet weight in liver. The majority of the male flounders collected from nine coastal Danish sites from 1999 to 2004 had vitellogenin concentrations below 100 ng mL⁻¹, and only at two sites moderate estrogenic inputs were indicated.