Speciation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in aquatic sediments

A simple sequential extraction technique is presented for the examination of PAH speciation in aquatic sediments. This method is discussed with special emphasis on the sorption of PAH to humic substances and coal-like particles. Sorption experiments were carried out with sediments after treatment with H₂O₂ or after lipid removal by organic solvent extraction. The results show that lipids exert only a minor influence on PAH sorption. Furthermore, deviations from simple partition behaviour are discussed.     

海洋锰结核中微量铀的测定

样品用王水溶矿，制成１０％ＨＮＯ＿３溶液，通过Ｐ－３５０色谱柱，富集铀分离干扰元素，而后用０．２％ＮａＦ解脱铀，衔接５－Ｂｒ－ＰＡＤＡＰ光度法测定铀。     

Comparison of techniques for pre-concentrating radium from seawater

In the framework of the KEOPS project (KErguelen: compared study of the Ocean and the Plateau in Surface water), we aimed to provide information on the water mass pathways and vertical mixing on the Kerguelen Plateau, Southern Ocean, based on ²²⁸Ra profiles. Because ²²⁸Ra activities are extremely low in this area (~ 0.1 dpm/100 kg or ~ 2.10^− 18 g kg^− 1), the filtration of large volumes of seawater was required in order to be able to detect it with minimal uncertainty. This challenging study was an opportunity for us to test and compare methods aimed at removing efficiently radium isotopes from seawater. We used Mn-fiber that retains radium and that allows the measurement of all four radium isotopes (²²⁶Ra, ²²⁸Ra, ²²³Ra, ²²⁴Ra). First, we used Niskin bottles or the ship's seawater intake to collect large volumes of seawater that were passed onto Mn-fiber in the laboratory. Second, we filled cartridges with Mn-fiber that we placed in tandem on in situ pumps. Finally, we fixed nylon nets filled with Mn-fiber on the frame of in situ pumps to allow the passive filtration of seawater during the pump deployment.Yields of radium fixation on the cartridges filled with Mn-fiber and placed on in situ pumps are ca. 30% when combining the two cartridges. Because large volumes of seawater can be filtered with these pumps, this yields to effective volumes of 177–280 kg (that is, higher than that recovered from fourteen 12-l Niskin bottles). Finally, the effective volume of seawater that passed through Mn-fiber placed in nylon nets and deployed during 4 h ranged between 125 and 364 kg. Consequently, the two techniques that separate Ra isotopes in situ are good alternatives for pre-concentrating radium from seawater. They can save ship-time by avoiding repeated CTD casts to obtain the large volumes of seawater. This is especially true when in situ pumps are deployed to collect suspended particles. However, both methods only provide ²²⁸Ra/²²⁶Ra ratios. The determination of the ²²⁸Ra specific activity is obtained by multiplying this ratio by the ²²⁶Ra activity measured in a discrete sample collected at the same water depth.     

GC-MS联用技术对卤水中有机物的分析

盐湖卤水由于富集了大量的复杂有机物,而具有浓厚的颜色,脱除这些有色物质,既可以减少卤水对生产设备的危害,又可以提高产品的色度,有利于卤水的综合开发利用,是卤水精制的主要内容。采用不同极性的有机溶剂正己烷和氯仿分别对盐湖卤水中的有机物进行萃取分离,浓缩处理,通过GC-MS联用技术对萃取后的有机提取物进行分离和结构鉴定。结果表明,盐湖卤水中主要含有一些饱和脂肪烃、芳香烃、醇类、酯类、酮类和醚类有机物,为卤水脱色的研究提供了一定的线索和指导。     

分时窗提取地震子波及在合成地震记录中的应用

提出了利用地震和测井资料精确提取井旁地震子波的分时窗提取地震子波方法，将此方法用于合成地震记录的制作，提高了合成地震记录与地震剖面的吻合度和分辨率，文中详细介绍了该方法的具体实现步骤，并给出了模型处理分析和实例分析。     

用正交设计法提取马尾藻高活性膳食纤维

采用正交设计法,研究了马尾藻高活性膳食纤维的提取工艺条件,筛选出马尾藻碱溶性和不溶性膳食纤维的提取与漂白的最佳工艺条件,并将提取到的两种膳食纤维组分重新组合。结果表明,马尾藻高活性膳食纤维的总产率达27．9％,颜色较白,总膳食纤维干基含量达81．08％,钙含量6．82％,磷含量0．23％,膨胀力为22mL／g,持水力为1250％,质量和功能性指标远远超过西方国家标准。     

Toxicity-directed Fractionation of Tannery Wastewater Using Solid-phase Extraction and Luminescence Inhibition in Microtiter Plates

A four-step solid-phase extraction (SPE) method is presented for toxicity-directed fractionation of industrial wastewater. This fractionation procedure serves as a key step for identifying unknown organic toxicants in complex samples. Toxicity was determined as luminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri using microtiter plates. This method was compared to standard tests in glass cuvettes using both 37 standard chemicals and 24 wastewater fractions with EC₅₀ values covering five orders of magnitude. Results of both methods correlated well. 22 tannery wastewater samples were sequentially extracted using C₁₈e and polystyrene-divinylbenzene phases in combination with pH-changes. Final solid-phase filtrates showed low inhibition, so toxicity of inorganics could be neglected. Using 1/EC₅₀ values, the SPE eluates showed clearly different toxicity patterns. Even in eluates of the fourth extraction step, high toxic effects could be observed. In several cases, luminescence inhibition was increasing at the anaerobic treatment step compared to the corresponding untreated samples. After aerobic treatment, toxicity of most wastewater fractions was greatly diminished. HPLC/DAD analyses of the wastewater fractions showed a fair separation concerning compound polarity. However, the samples were still too complex to identify single compounds responsible for the detected toxicity. Therefore, a further clean-up step accompanied with toxicity testing is needed.     

Foreign Direct Investment,Ecological Withdrawals,and Natural-Resource-Dependent Economies

This article examines the relationships between foreign direct investment (FDI) and natural resource depletion and natural resource rents for a longitudinal (2005–2013: N?=?125 nations) sample of less developed countries (LDCs). Theoretically, we argue that FDI contributes to increased ecological withdrawals and dependence on the natural resource sector for economic growth within countries. We hypothesized that LDCs with higher levels of FDI would also have higher levels of natural resource depletion and income (i.e., rents). We assess whether this hypothesized relationship holds across nations in our sample for four different natural resource depletion and rents measures (energy, forest, mineral, and total natural resources). We find strong support for our hypotheses regarding natural resource depletion and resource rents, with the exception of energy rents. The outcome lends support to the ecological withdrawal and ecostructural theory of foreign investment dependence perspectives.     

苯并15-冠-5—离子液体体系多级逆流萃取分离锂同位素研究

锂的两种天然同位素(~6Li和~7Li)在能源、环境和国防安全等领域具有重要应用价值。以氯化锂溶液为原料,选用苯并15-冠-5和咪唑类离子液体体系对其进行了模拟逆流萃取实验,考察了多级逆流萃取过程中锂的萃取率和锂同位素分离系数的变化规律。同时,对锂同位素富集浓度和富集行为进了研究探讨。结果表明,经10级逆流萃取后,锂的萃取率和同位素分离系数有了明显提高,~6Li富集在有机相,丰度提高了0.299 6%。     

溶剂萃取法提硼研究概述

溶剂萃取法作为一种有效的溶液提硼方法之一,对于硼资源的开发利用、环境保护以及其它化学工业的发展具有重要意义。从萃取剂、萃取工艺和萃取设备3个方面讨论溶剂萃取法提硼的研究进展,并对今后溶液提硼的发展方向进行展望。