遥感影像信息在澳门、磨刀门海域工程建设中的应用及其效益

本文介绍了计算机处理和光学处理相结合的信息提取方法并得到显著效益。根据澳门海域和磨刀门海域工程建设中的实际需要,成功地运用遥感影像信息为澳门海域工程物理模型试验提供了模型水流流态与原型水流流态相似性的验证,为磨刀门海域围垦工程提供了水下潜坝的动态影像信息,并取得了较好的社会效益和经济效益。     

基于SVM遥感矿化蚀变信息提取研究

提出一种基于支持向量机(SVM)遥感数据矿化蚀变信息提取的新方法。该方法首先根据蚀变岩及矿体围岩的实测光谱数据,利用光谱角度制图法(SAM)提取训练样本,应用交叉比对(cross-validation)算法确定最优SVM模型参数,选择径向基(RBF)核函数,训练SVM分类器模型;然后,用训练好的SVM模型进行遥感矿化蚀变信息提取;最后,选择青海芒崖地区的ETM数据进行遥感矿化蚀变信息提取试验。试验结果经野外检查和验证,效果良好。     

Occurrence and Distribution of Organic Contaminants in the Aquatic System in Berlin.Part II: Substituted Phenols in Berlin Surface Water

In a surface water screening, 30 representative surface water samples collected from rivers, canals, and lakes in Berlin were investigated for the presence of 22 substituted phenols. The phenols selected include the 11 phenols considered as “priority pollutants” by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA). Surface water samples were extracted applying solid-phase extraction with styrenedivinylbenzene adsorbent. The recoveries, determined in spiking experiments, were between 80 % and 103 %. After derivatization with N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-N-methyl-trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) the samples were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Phenol, cresols, 2-ethylphenol, 2-chlorophenol, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, pentachlorophenol, 2-nitrophenol, and 4-nitrophenol were detected in the surface water samples at concentrations between 0.02 μg/L and 7.8 μg/L, respectively. The distribution of these residues in the Berlin surface waters showed that the phenolic residues, with the exception of pentachlorophenol and 2-ethylphenol, do not originate primarily from municipal sewage treatment plants discharges. Some of the phenols are formed naturally or occur as ubiquitous anthropogenic contaminants in the aquatic system.     

t-BAMBP/磺化煤油萃取体系从盐湖卤水中萃取铷的动力学研究

采用上升单液滴法,进行盐湖卤水中萃取铷的动力学研究,主要考察了比界面积、水相铷浓度和油相(t-BAMBP/磺化煤油)浓度对萃取速率的影响。通过比界面积的研究发现,t-BAMBP萃取铷的过程由界面化学反应和相内化学反应共同控制;通过对实验数据的非线性拟合,得到了萃取体系的动力学方程,R=9.936×10-7[Rb+]1.134[t-BAMBP]2.190,萃取速率对铷的反应级数为a=1.134,对t-BAMBP反应级数b=2.190,实验值和计算值的均方根误差为1.735%。     

Analytical perspective on trace element species of interest in exploration

Analysis of soil and sediment samples, using selective extraction methods to distinguish different phases, is of particular interest in exploration geochemistry to locate deeply buried mineral deposits. There are various mechanisms of binding labile elements in the secondary environment, including physical and chemical sorption, precipitation, chelation and complexation. Phases present in soils and sediments which are likely to scavenge ‘free' elements include amorphous Mn and Fe oxides, the humic and fulvic components of humus, and clays. This paper reviews these forms of trace elements and the methods in current use to quantify them. Examples of precision data, both for control and survey samples, are given with respect to trace elements dissolved from the ‘soluble organic' component of humus, Mn oxides and amorphous Fe oxides. The high sensitivity of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP–MS) is required to measure accurately and precisely a large suite of trace elements, especially where only small fractions of elements are dissolved by such leaches as the commercially available Enzyme and MMI (Mobile Metal Ion) extractions. The relative standard deviations (RSD) obtained for 33 elements (e.g. Ag, Cd, In, I) in the standard reference sample (SRM), TILL-2, are in the range 0.5–8% for the hydroxylamine hydrochloride (NH₂OH·HCl) leach designed to extract hydrous Fe and Mn oxides. The corresponding RSDs for elements in the reactive Mn oxide phase extracted by the Enzyme leach are in the range 3–19% except for some trace elements at levels close to detection limit (e.g. Cd, Bi). The RSDs obtained for field duplicates are inferior to those for analytical replicates (i.e. sample splits), probably a reflection of different concentrations of the host phase. In one soil survey, the Fe extracted by a 0.25 M NH₂OH·HCl leach ranged conservatively from 0.2 to 1.7% whereas the Mn extracted by the Enzyme leach varied extensively, from 0.3 to >999 ppm. In contrast, precision, at 1–7% RSD, for field duplicates was found to be comparable with that for both analytical duplicates and the SRM, LKSD-4, for elements associated with the humic and fulvic component of humus samples sieved to <177 μm.     

Evaluation of Bioavailability and Partitioning of Aluminum in Sediment Samples of Different Ecosystems by Modified Sequential Extraction Methods

Sequential extraction procedures are widely used to characterize the different operational fractions with different potential toxicity of metals in environmental solid samples. The present work describes the application of different analytical approaches for sequential extraction of aluminum to evaluate its mobility, availability, and persistent chemical forms in sediment samples of different fresh water ecosystems (lake, canal, and river). The conventional BCR three‐stage sequential extraction procedure (C‐BCR) was modified at each stage, by applying ultrasonic device (U‐BCR), in order to shorten the required shaking time of 16 h for each three steps (excluding the hydrogen peroxide digestion in step 3, which was not performed with ultrasonic bath), could be completed in 40, 50, and 45 min, respectively. The aluminum in all extracts were determination by atomic absorption spectrometry using nitrous oxide – acetylene flame. The accuracy of results obtained from C‐BCR and proposed U‐BCR was verified with literature reported values of certified sediment sample (BCR 701). The overall recoveries of aluminum obtained by proposed U‐BCR were found in the range of 96.7–113% of those values obtained with C‐BCR for all fractions. Use of ultrasonic device, provided a large saving in extraction time relative to conventional shaking. It was observed that major part of Al in real sediment samples (80–83% of total Al) were bound to residual fraction. The acid soluble fraction of aluminum extracted by 0.11 mol/L CH₃COOH has good correlation with aluminum content in corresponding water samples of each ecosystem.     

裙带菜褐藻糖胶的分离及部分理化性质研究

以裙带菜为原材料,采用水提法从裙带菜中分离褐藻糖胶,Sevag法去蛋白,乙醇分步沉淀法进行初步纯化。结果表明裙带菜褐藻糖胶的最适提取温度为80℃,时间为8 h,加水量为1∶30,在最适条件下的提取率为1.72%,蛋白质含量为5.44%。同时本研究对部分理化性质进行了研究。结果是特性粘度为5 m pa.s,pH为8.50,含有硫酸基。     

TRPO萃取-固体荧光法测定土壤和空气尘埃中的铀

本文在研究了影响萃取的各种因素后,给出了用TRPO-OK萃取-固体荧光法测定土壤和空气尘埃中铀的方法。土壤和空气尘埃样品全程回收率分别为(89.6±11.8)％和(85.5±5.6)％,方法灵敏对土壤和空气尘埃样品分别为0.03μg·g~(-1)和0.02Pg·1~(-1)。样品中的常量离子对分析不产生明显干扰。操作简便、快速,适用于常规监测和本底调查。     

Profondeur d'extraction racinaire et signature isotopique de l'eau prélevée par les racines des couverts végétaux

We seek to identify the depth to which water is extracted by the roots in the soil. Indeed, in an isotopic steady-state condition of leaf water, transpiration introduces into the atmosphere a vapour whose isotopic signature is identical to that of root water. In the isotopic models of atmospheric general circulation, it is classically allowed that the signature of transpiration belongs to the meteoric water line. This supposes that the water taken by the roots has escaped with the evaporation of the soil and comes thus from the deep layers of the soil. At the time of experimentation carried out on maize plants (Nemours, Seine-et-Marne, France), this extraction depth was inferred from the comparison between the signature of the water measured on the level of the first internode of the stems of the plants and the isotopic profile of water in the soil. When the flow of transpiration reaches a maximum value, the plant uptakes water resulting from precipitations and which preserves its non-evaporating character after having quickly infiltrated in the deep layers of the soil. This relates to only 55% of the flux transpired by the canopy, the remainder presenting an evaporating character more or less marked according to ambient conditions. This experiment invalidates the classical hypothesis used in isotopic models of general atmospheric circulation in temperate regions. In fact, only half the amount of water vapour transpired by the canopy during the day presents a signature similar to that of the rainwater sampled in deep soil layers. To cite this article: Z. Boujamlaoui et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005).     

正交实验法优化紫蛇尾皂苷提取工艺研究

以紫蛇尾(Ophiopholis mirabilis)皂苷溶液吸光度为指标,采用单因素实验法考察乙醇体积分数、料液比、提取时间、提取次数、提取温度等因素对紫蛇尾皂苷提取效果的影响,通过正交实验确定最佳工艺条件。结果表明,紫蛇尾皂苷的最佳提取工艺为60℃水浴,料液比1:40(W/V),每次3 h,提取4次。按照最佳工艺条件所得蛇尾皂苷平均产率为1.77‰,表明此最佳工艺可用于紫蛇尾皂苷的制备。