四川阿坝土壤与空气中氡气浓度及分布调查

采用IED-3000R轻便型测氡仪,对四川阿坝地区土壤、空气中的氡气浓度开展初步调查。结果表明：(1)测区空气中氡气浓度较高,均在平均值185 Bq/m3附近;(2)所测得土壤的氡气浓度范围为2 736～93 486 Bq/m3,平均值为26 021 Bq/m3,远远高于全国城市土壤中氡气浓度7 300 Bq/m3的平均值,同时在156个土壤氡气浓度被测点中共有91个测点氡气浓度值超过20 000 Bq/m3,而按照国家标准,对于民用建筑工程土壤中氡气浓度超过20 000 Bq/m3要进行不同程度的防氡工程;(3)地质环境、土壤松散度、岩土性质、土壤含水率为影响阿坝地区土壤氡气浓度的主要因素。     

地级以上城市土地利用结构特征及影响因素差异分析

根据2007年地级以上城市的土地和社会经济数据,采用比较法、模型法和主成分法,分析其土地利用结构特征及影响因素。结果发现:①不同规模城市的居住用地、公共设施用地、工业用地、道路广场用地和绿地的比例差距明显,而仓储用地、对外交通用地、市政公用设施用地和特殊用地的比例差异较小;②随城市规模增大,居住用地、公共设施用地、工业用地比、道路广场用地的比例符合《城市用地分类与规划建设用地标准》(GBJ137-90)(以下简称《标准》)、《城市公共设施规划规范》(GB50442-2008)(以下简称《规范》)的程度呈上升趋势;③居住用地比例超出《标准》上限城市较多,且城市规模越小,超标比例越高;④中等规模以上城市的公共设施用地比例偏低,而中小城市公共设施用地比例偏高;⑤特大城市中工业用地比例超标城市数量较多,而中小城市低于《标准》下限的较多;⑥随城市规模增大,道路广场用地比例低于《标准》下限的城市所占比例降低;⑦地级以上城市中至少有1/3城市绿地比例不及《标准》下限;⑧城市规模越大,土地利用的多样化程度越高,土地利用类型越齐全,且土地利用结构多样性指数高的城市呈集聚状,呈现"群"状特点,土地利用结构均衡度递增,但优势度趋减;⑨经济因素、产业结构、交通设施水平和城市人口是影响土地利用结构的主要因素,但对不同规模城市的影响次序不同。     

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Rocky Desertification in Qiandongnan Prefecture of Guizhou Province

Rocky desertification is a serious threat to socioeconomic development and the ecological security of karst areas. The control of rocky desertification has therefore become a major concern of both the Chinese government and local populations living in karst areas. In this paper, we used the national evaluation system for monitoring rocky desertification, and adjusted relevant indices. For example, we improved the system’s base rock exposure index with Normalized Difference Rock index (NDRI), substituted a soil erosion index for soil depth, and from these obtained the categories and spatial distribution of rocky desertification. We also studied the main factors and functional mechanisms of rocky desertification with consideration given to natural geographic conditions such as soil, physiognomy, elevation, slope and river network density, and, also human interference factors such as population density, GDP, population distribution, and from these got spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of rocky desertification in Qiandongnan prefecture. Results indicate that the primary soil types of rocky desertification in the research areas include yellow, limestone and paddy soils. These rocky desertification areas are more likely to contain limestone soil than purple soil, and least likely to contain paddy soil. The distribution of moderate or severe rocky desertification in areas with moderate to steep slope is 40%, where sloping agricultural land comprises a large proportion of the total. Rocky desertification is widely distributed in regions with precipitation between 1000-1200 mm, and this precipitation is the main factor causing greater soil erosion in limestone soil base and sloping agricultural areas. Moreover, desertification is closely related to the distribution of residential areas, population density, poverty and sloping agricultural land     

四川省阿坝地区地表水地球化学特征

阿坝州位于四川西北部,与青海、甘肃交界,处于高海拔地区;该地区地表水资源丰富,长江与黄河上游水系均流经该区域。通过系统性采集区内河水(76件)、井水(7件)、溪水(8件)等样品,测试水体中D与¹⁸O的丰度与微量元素含量。结果表明:①受大气降水与流经地层的影响,阿坝地区河水中D与¹⁸O的丰度均显著高于溪水、井水与自来水等介质,线性相关性表明,河水中¹⁸O的富集与硫酸盐矿物的溶解密切相关;②阿坝地区井水、自来水、溪水之间存在明显的水力联系;③对于阿坝地区而言,黄河上游河流中δD与δ¹⁸O值均高于长江上游水系河流,但两者之间差别较小,这由于同一地区水系具有相同的大气降水来源;④河水、井水、溪水等表水中微量元素呈高Ba、Zn、Cr,低As、Pb、Cd的特点,与该地区岩石样品中微量元素特征基本一致,表明该地区表水中微量元素含量主要受地质背景因素控制。     

川北阿坝地区三叠系粘土矿物特征及地质意义

分析了川北阿坝地区三叠系泥质岩的岩石矿物组合、粘土矿物类型、伊利石结晶度和镜质体反射率特征,并以此划分成岩演化阶段及变质程度。以成岩作用—极低级变质作用的研究方法,明确了阿坝地区成岩作用及极低级变质作用的上、下界限及区域分布规律:以唐克为中心的地区处于成岩作用晚期阶段,成岩作用温度200～212℃,伊利石结晶度IC≥0.42;周围地区处于极低级变质作用阶段,成岩作用温度212～222℃,伊利石结晶度IC<0.42。镜质体反射率(Ro)也具有同样的演化规律。对该地区域上成岩演化的差异及原因作如下解释:由于构造活动的远近程效应存在差异,该地区的周缘明显受到构造作用的影响,因叠加动力变质而达到极低级变质作用阶段;唐克位于阿坝地块中心,受构造作用的影响相对较小,因而处于成岩作用晚期阶段。     

2010年文山久旱背景下一次全州性降雨天气过程诊断分析

对2010年4月21～23日文山州久旱转大雨过程的环流演变及各种物理量场特征进行诊断分析,结果表明:干旱期文山长期维持"西高东低"环流型,环流形势的调整,尤其是中纬度环流形势向"东高西低"转变,是久旱转雨的必要条件。这次过程也与高空冷槽、低涡切变和不稳定层结(能量)的发展等有关。久旱转雨时,各物理量场的分布与该区域降水相关性很好,具有很明显的指示意义。     

文山州百年大旱气候特征分析

利用文山州8个站点1970年～2010年的逐月降水、气温、日照等资料,分析文山州旱涝的时空分布、年际变化及地理分布等特征,再利用2.5°×2.5°的NCEP/NCAR再分析资料的月、季、年平均场,对文山州秋、冬、春连旱的大气环流异常特征进行分析,得出:2009年～2010年秋、冬、春3季降水特少、气温特高、日照较强,而整个文山州又数文山县最为严重;多雨年冷空气活动频繁,副高较弱,南支比较活跃,而少雨年南下冷空气较少,副高较强,南支波动少。     

浙江省市域旅游竞争力评价研究

通过构建市域（地级市）尺度旅游竞争力评价体系,应用主成分分析方法,对浙江省市域旅游竞争力进行定量评价,得到11个地市旅游竞争力综合指标得分和排名,并根据评价结果对其差异格局形成原因进行深度剖析。结果表明,浙江省市域旅游竞争力水平整体差异较大,表现为区域旅游业发展不平衡,杭州、宁波双核格局明显,温州、绍兴为竞争力较强市,金华、舟山、台州、湖州竞争力较弱,丽水、嘉兴、衢州为弱竞争力市。各地区旅游业发展应避开其竞争力薄弱环节,走差异化发展道路。     

高速铁路对中国城市市场潜力的影响——基于铁路客运可达性的分析

近10年来中国高速铁路快速发展,对城市发展的影响正逐步显现.本文从市场潜力角度研究这一影响,根据《全国铁路旅客列车时刻表2012.07》统计获得的城市之间平均旅行时间和发车频次数据重新定义市场潜力函数,对比中国地级及以上城市普通铁路和叠加高速铁路之后的市场潜力特征,探讨高铁对城市市场潜力的提升作用,并从中分离出时间压缩效应和频次效应.研究发现:①普通铁路市场潜力呈现“多中心—廊道”结构,市场潜力高的城市主要分布在长三角、珠三角、京津冀城镇群内,以及京广、京沪、京哈等重要铁路线沿线;②叠加高速铁路之后城市市场潜力整体上仍呈现“多中心—廊道”结构,且多中心结构更为突出;③京沪、沪杭铁路沿线城市和东南沿海宁波—厦门段客运专线沿线城市的高铁效应最大;④高铁连接的109个城市时间压缩效应的平均值为31.3％,频次效应的平均值为68.7％,频次效应是高铁效应的主要形式.     

The measure and characteristics of spatial-temporal evolution of China’s science and technology resource allocation efficiency

According to the connotation and structure of science and technology resources and some relevant data of more than 286 cities at prefecture level and above during 2001-2010, using modified method—Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), science and technology (S&T) resource allocation efficiency of different cities in different periods has been figured out, which, uncovers the distributional difference and change law of S&T resource allocation efficiency from the time-space dimension. Based on that, this paper has analyzed and discussed the spatial distribution pattern and evolution trend of S&T resource allocation efficiency in different cities by virtue of the Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA). It turned out that: (1) the average of S&T resource allocation efficiency in cities at prefecture level and above has always stayed at low levels, moreover, with repeated fluctuations between high and low, which shows a decreasing trend year by year. Besides, the gap between the East and the West is widening. (2) The asymmetrical distribution of S&T resource allocation efficiency presents a spatial pattern of successively decreasing from Eastern China, Central China to Western China. The cities whose S&T resource allocation efficiency are at higher level and high level take on a cluster distribution, which fits well with the 23 forming urban agglomerations in China. (3) The coupling degree between S&T resource allocation efficiency and economic environment assumes a certain positive correlation, but not completely the same. The differentiation of S&T resource allocation efficiency is common in regional development, whose existence and evolution are directly or indirectly influenced by and regarded as the reflection of many elements, such as geographical location, the natural endowment and environment of S&T resources and so on. (4) In the perspective of the evolution of spatial structure, S&T resource allocation efficiency of the cities at prefecture level and above shows a notable spatial autocorrelation, which in every period presents a positive correlation. The spatial distribution of S&T resource allocation efficiency in neighboring cities seems to be similar in group, which tends to escalate stepwise. Meanwhile, the whole differentiation of geographical space has a diminishing tendency. (5) Viewed from LISA agglomeration map of S&T resource allocation efficiency in different periods, four agglomeration types have changed differently in spatial location and the range of spatial agglomeration. And the continuity of S&T resource allocation efficiency in geographical space is gradually increasing.