淮南煤田三维地震勘探技术应用进展

淮南煤田地处华北型石炭二叠纪聚煤区的东南部地区,煤系地层为石炭二叠系。淮南矿业集团与产学研等多家单位合作,积极研究与推广应用三维地震勘探技术。自1993年谢桥矿首次开展煤炭采区三维地震勘探以来,至目前的高密度三维地震勘探,历经6个发展阶段,开展了针对不同煤层的精细处理、厚煤层屏蔽下的下伏煤层勘探技术、AVO技术、岩性反演技术及高密度三维地震勘探等多项科研项目,取得了丰硕的勘探成果。根据淮南矿业集团探采对比资料,指出了采区三维地震勘探的研究方向及应采取的措施。     

Simulation of localization failure with strain‐gradient‐enhanced damage mechanics

Strain gradient implies an important characteristic in localized damage deformation, which can be observed in the softening state of brittle materials, and strain gradients constitute the basic behaviours of localization failure area of the materials. The most important point in strain gradient is its damaging function including an internal length scale, which can be used to express the scale effects of mechanical responses of brittle rock mass. By extending the strain gradient theory and introducing an intrinsic material length scale into the constitutive law, the authors develop an isotropic damage model as well as a micro‐crack‐based anisotropic damage model for rock‐like materials in this paper. The proposed models were used to simulate the damage localization under uniaxial tension and plain strain compression, respectively. The simulated results well illustrated the potential of these models in dealing with the well‐known mesh‐sensitivity problem in FEM. In the computation, elements with C₁ continuity have been implemented to incorporate the proposed models for failure localization. When regular rectangle elements are encountered, the coupling between finite difference method (FDM) and conventional finite element method (FEM) is used to avoid large modification to the existing FEM code, and to obtain relatively higher efficiency and reasonably good accuracy. Application of the anisotropic model to the 3D‐non‐linear FEM analysis of Ertan arch dam has been conducted and the results of its numerical simulation coincide well with those from the failure behaviours obtained by Ertan geophysical model test. In this paper, new applications of gradient theories and models for a feasible approach to simulate localized damage in brittle materials are presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

消除系统性观测误差的时空梯度信息同化方法研究

随着气象观测手段的进步,各种气象观测资料在数值预报模式中的应用不断发展.然而由于观测资料存在观测误差,尤其一些非常规资料存在系统性偏差,且难以对此类误差进行充分订正,使得观测资料在数值预报模式同化应用过程中的作用没有被充分发挥.文中提出一种消去此类误差的时间及空间梯度信息变分同化方法,其特点在于不需要知道系统性偏差的具体估计,而是用一个梯度信息算子对原变量进行变换从而隐性回避此类误差.通过浅水波模式四维变分同化理想试验结果表明,此同化方法完全消除平整性系统性偏差对同化结果的影响,本身数值较小的模式变量更能够获得好的同化效果,大数值变量则可通过估算来确定适用范围.由于最优解不唯一性质的存在,同化效果更多的吸收观测场的整体时空梯度分布趋势而非观测量值本身,这对具有较低可信度的观测资料是适用的.     

大连机场典型低空风切变的成因分析

风切变是指空间两点之间的风的矢量差,风切变分为水平风切变和垂直风切变。航空气象学中,低空风切变通常是指近地面600 m高度以下的垂直风切变,低空风切变严重危害航空活动安全,尤其是在飞机起飞和着陆阶段。为了提高对低空风切变的预报准确率和提前预警时间,利用大连机场话音方式航空器报告统计大连机场出现的低空风切变特点。大连机场低空风切变出现最多的季节是秋末和春季,其中以西北大风和偏北大风造成的低空风切变最为典型,这种切变常常出现在地面风向为360°或350°、平均风速9 m·s^-1、阵风风速16 m·s^-1的观测时次附近。选取3个大连机场典型低空风切变的天气个例,利用NCEP/NCAR FNL(1°×1°)资料分析大连机场出现典型低空风切变时的天气形势特点,利用WRF模式输出资料,分析了大连机场出现典型低空风切变时低层的风场特征。分析结果表明,WRF模式输出的风场变化较小,不能体现低空风切变的突变特征,利用模式输出资料计算得到的反映偏差风相对大小的I值与风切变的出现有明显关系,当I大于0.5且逐渐增加时,容易出现低空风切变,当I小于0.5且逐渐减小时,不易出现低空风切变,可以利用I值及其变化情况进行风切变的预报预警。     

P-SV波AVO响应特征影响因素分析

为了使响应特征更为明确,便于进行AVO分析和岩性参数的反演,这里针对P-SV波反射系数近似公式,分别对四个理论模型进行了定量计算,并与Zoeppritz方程精确解进行了精度对比分析。结果表明：当小角度入射时,近似公式有很高的近似精度。最后用四类AVO类型进行了P-SV波AVO正演,详细地分析了影响转换波AVO响应特征的根本因素,其主要对横波波阻抗最敏感,这对基于P～SV波的AVO反演精度的提高及多解性的降低具有重要的意义。     

浓度梯度引起的固相速度测量误差

用粒子示踪技术测量明渠挟沙水流中固相颗粒的速度时,流速梯度和浓度梯度的存在会引起测量误差.选用典型的垂线流速与浓度分布公式对时均速度测量误差进行分析,得出了误差的解析表达式.对该解析式的理论分析表明,测量误差恒小于零,即速度测量值比实际值偏小.误差的大小与采样窗口的相对位置、尺寸及颗粒的悬浮指数有关.对误差大小随自变量...     

Investigation of the Co-seismic Gravity Field Variations Caused by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman Earthquake Using Monthly GRACE Data

Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment(GRACE) observations have been used to de-tect the co-seismic and post-seismic gravity field variations due to the Mw=9.3 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake that occurred on December 26,2004.This article focuses on investigating some gravita-tional effects caused by this huge earthquake.We computed the geoid height changes,the equivalent water height(EWH) changes,and the gravity changes using the GRACE Level-2 monthly spherical harmonic(SH) solutions released by University of ...     

Gas-hydrate stability thickness map along the Indian continental margin

The gas-hydrate stability thickness (GHST) map along the Indian continental margin is prepared from available bathymetry, sea-bottom temperature and geothermal gradient data. The bottom-simulating reflector (BSR) often marks the base of gas-hydrate stability zone. The prior information about the stability thickness in a particular area will help in identifying BSR on seismic data. The map is also useful to the exploration scientists to set a depth window within which proxies for gas-hydrate can be looked into. A GHST map was initially prepared in 1998 based on the-then available data. A lot of new data has been generated by various organizations under the Indian National Gas Hydrate Programs for the advancement of exploration and exploitation activities. By incorporating the new data from the published and available documents, we have modified the GHST map along the Indian margin. Besides filling the data gap, the new map shows the gas-hydrate stability zone in the Andaman offshore. In addition, we show maps of sea-bottom temperature, sediment thickness, geothermal gradient and heat flow to provide a bird’s eye view of these parameters along the continental margin of India.     

Fault system and thermal regime in the vicinity of site NGHP-01-10, Krishna–Godavari basin, Bay of Bengal

Drilling/coring activities onboard JOIDES Resolution for hydrate resource estimation have confirmed gas hydrate in the continental slope of Krishna-Godavari (KG) basin, Bay of Bengal and the expedition recovered fracture filled gas hydrate at the site NGHP-01-10. In this paper we analyze high resolution multi-channel seismic (MCS), high resolution sparker (HRS), bathymetry, and sub-bottom profiler data in the vicinity of site NGHP-01-10 to understand the fault system and thermal regime. We interpreted the large-scale fault system (>5 km) predominantly oriented in NNW-SSE direction near NGHP-01-10 site, which plays an important role in gas hydrate formation and its distribution. The increase in interval velocity from the baseline velocity of 1600 m/s to 1750–1800 m/s within the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) is considered as a proxy for the gas hydrate occurrence, whereas the drop in interval velocity to 1400 m/s suggest the presence of free gas below the GHSZ. The analysis of interval velocity suggests that the high concentration of gas hydrate occurs close to the large-scale fault system. We conclude that the gas hydrate concentration near site NGHP-01-10, and likely in the entire KG Basin, is controlled primarily by the faults and therefore has high spatial variability.We also estimated the heat flow and geothermal gradient (GTG) in the vicinity of NGHP-01-10 site using depth and temperature of the seafloor and the BSR. We observed an abnormal GTG increase from 38 °C/km to 45 °C/km at the top of the mound, which remarkably agrees with the measured temperature gradient at the mound (NGHP-01-10) and away from the mound (NGHP-01-03). We analyze various geological scenarios such as topography, salinity, thermal non-equilibrium of BSR and fluid/gas advection along the fault system to explain the observed increase in GTG. The geophysical data along with the coring results suggest that the fluid advection along the fault system is the primary mechanism that explains the increase in GTG. The approximate advective fluid flux estimated based on the thermal measurement is of the order of few tenths of mm/yr (0.37–0.6 mm/yr).