Simulation of heat transfer performance using middle-deep coaxial borehole heat exchangers by FEFLOW

Due to its large heat transfer area and stable thermal performance,the middle-deep coaxial borehole heat exchanger (CBHE) has become one of the emerging technologies to extract geothermal energy. In this paper,a numerical modeling on a three-dimensional unsteady heat transfer model of a CBHE was conducted by using software FEFLOW,in which the model simulation was compared with the other studies and was validated with experimental data. On this basis,a further simulation was done in respect of assessing the influencing factors of thermal extraction performance and thermal influence radius of the CBHE. The results show that the outlet temperature of the heat exchanger decreases rapidly at the initial stage,and then tended to be stable; and the thermal influence radius increases with the increase of borehole depth. The heat extraction rate of the borehole increases linearly with the geothermal gradient. Rock heat capacity has limited impact on the heat extraction rate,but has a great influence on the thermal influence radius of the CBHE. When there is groundwater flow in the reservoir,the increase of groundwater velocity will result in the rise of both outlet temperature and heat extraction rate. The heat affected zone extends along with the groundwater flow direction; and its influence radius is increasing along with flow velocity. In addition,the material of the inner pipe has a significant effect on the heat loss in the pipe,so it is recommended that the material with low thermal conductivity should be used if possible.     

黑河上游祁连山区植物群落随海拔生境的变化特征

基于79个样地的野外调查数据,采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)等方法,研究了黑河上游祁连山浅山区、阴坡、阳坡3种典型类型植物群落随海拔梯度的变化特征.结果表明:浅山区植被属于山地荒漠类型;阴坡植被沿海拔升高依次分异为山地荒漠、山地森林和高山灌丛,海拔2 500m和3 300m是它们的海拔分界线;阳坡植被在海拔3 200m截然分异为干旱类型和湿润类型.乔木物种多样性随海拔变化难于形成一定的格局;灌木物种丰富度随海拔升高呈现多峰分布格局,总体上高海拔低、低海拔高;草本植物物种多样性随海拔升高呈单峰变化.以上生态型的各优势种分别占据不同的海拔范围,祁连山主要乔木青海云杉分布在海拔2 500～3 500m的阴坡,其郁闭度随海拔升高而降低,在海拔3 300m以上海拔区域为零星分布.     

基于泰勒级数迭代的重力归一化总梯度

针对重力归一化总梯度常规计算方法中向下延拓计算的不稳定性,提出了基于泰勒级数迭代法进行快速稳定向下延拓的重力归一化总梯度场( GH 场) 计算模式。水平圆柱体模型试验表明: 该方法的GH 场表现为单一高值特征,而且极大值位置与模型体质心位置相吻合。非均匀( 含油气) 球冠模型表明: 在油气含量较低时,Fourier 级数法和Fourier 变换法无法识别出“两高夹一低”的储油特征,而本文方法可以清晰地识别。这充分说明基于泰勒级数迭代的重力归一化总梯度计算方法不仅提高了计算结果的稳定性,而且还提高了异常的分辨率。     

3维激光扫描技术在地铁调线调坡测量中的应用

主要对3维激光扫描技术应用于地铁调线调坡的关键技术进行了研究,探讨了基于此技术的点云数据获取的流程和断面数据提取的方法。以天津地铁三号线的一段区间调线调坡测量为例,同时使用3维激光扫描技术和传统技术进行调线调坡测量,并对实测数据进行了对比。结果表明,3维激光扫描技术应用于地铁调线调坡测量方法具有作业效率高、可靠性大、实用性强等特点,可以应用于地铁调线调坡测量。     

Snow water content estimation from measured snow temperature

The vertical temperature profiles of snow and sea ice have been measured in the Arctic during the 2nd Chinese National Arctic Research Expedition in 2003(CHINARE2003).The high-resolution temperature profile in snow is solved by one-dimensional heat transfer equation.The effective heat diffusivity,internal heat sources are identified.The internal heat source refers to the penetrated solar radiation which usually warms the lower part of the snow layer in summer.By temperature gradient analysis,the zero level can be clarified quantitatively as the boundary of the dry and wet snow.According to the in situ time series of vertical temperature profile,the time series of water content in snow is obtained based on an evaluation method of snow water content associated with the snow and ice physical parameters.The relationship of snow water content and snow temperature and temporal-spatial distribution of snow water content are presented     

现代黄河水下三角洲粉土的临界水力坡降探讨

通过室内试验，测定不同密实度粉土的临界水力坡降。由试验结果可以看出，粉土的临界水力坡降与一般砂土有着较大差异，一般耗生土临界水力坡降icr＝（ρ-ρw）/ρw，变化范围在0.8-1.5之产，而现代黄河水下三角洲粉土的临界水力坡降为9.5-16.5。同时对土体进行受力分析，考虑颗粒间的凝聚力，对以上结果产生的机理,工找出临界水力坡降与其物理性质指标之间的关系。     

Interaction between different internal length scales in strain localization analysis of fully and partially saturated porous media—the 1‐D case

The paper analyses the interaction between two internal length scales during dynamic strain localization in multiphase porous materials. The first internal length is introduced in the mathematical model by the gradient‐dependent plasticity for the solid skeleton, while the second one is naturally contained in the multiphase model and is due to the seepage process of the water via Darcy's law, which induces a rate‐dependent behaviour of the solid skeleton. Numerical results of a one‐dimensional example of water saturated porous medium demonstrate the competing effect between these two length scales. The porous medium is here treated as a multiphase continuum, with the pores filled by water and air, the last one at constant atmospheric pressure. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Scale variance analysis coupled with Moran's I scalogram to identify hierarchy and characteristic scale

Scale variance is highly sensitive to multi-scale patterns of variables, which is advantageous in identifying spatial hierarchy and characteristic scale(s). However, the significance of peak(s) in scale variance cannot be statistically tested, and different spatial patterns may be obtained when different zoning systems are used to calculate scale variance. To address these two problems, this study compared the scale levels with peaks in scale variance and the scale levels at which there were breaks in the nature of spatial autocorrelation as identified by shifts in Moran's I scalogram. The estimates for three simulated landscapes showed that accordance between scale levels identified employing the two methods can be used to evaluate the significance of peaks in scale variance and choose a more reasonable zoning system. The approach of scale variance analysis coupled with Moran's I scalogram was also applied to the Xilin River Basin of Inner Mongolia, China. The most vital characteristic scale (64 × 32 km) identified for the growing-season net ecosystem productivity (NEP) of the basin was validated by other spatial pattern analysis methods such as semi-variogram, Moran's I correlogram, and wavelet variance analyses, and the directionality of the chosen zoning systems was found to be similar to the orientation of actual dominant vegetation type patches. The results demonstrate that Moran's I scalogram can be used to improve the interpretation of the results of scale variance analysis and increase the reliability of scale variance analysis for landscapes having a repetitive patch pattern or gradient variation and that the proposed approach is suitable for identifying the hierarchy and the characteristic scales of patterns or processes. In summary, this study used a simple approach to solve two problems in scale variance analysis, thereby improving the methodology and enhancing the theoretical basis of multi-scale analysis.     

Divergent responses of Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) to recent warming along elevational gradients in the central Qilian Mountains,Northwest China

Understanding the radial growth trends of trees and their response to recent warming along elevation gradients is crucial for assessing how forests will be impacted by future climate change. Here, we collected 242 tree-ring cores from five plots across the Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia Kom.) forest belt (2600-3350 m a.s.l.) in the central Qilian Mountains, Northwest China, to study trends in the radial growth of trees and their response to climate factors with variable elevation. All the sampled P. crassifolia chronologies showed an increasing trend in the radial growth of trees at higher altitudes (3000-3350 m), whereas the radial growth of trees at lower altitudes (2600-2800 m) has decreased in recent decades. The radial growth of trees was limited by precipitation at lower elevations (L, ML), but mainly by temperature at higher elevation sites (MH, H, TL). Climate warming has caused an unprecedented increase in the radial growth of P. crassifolia at higher elevations. Our results suggest that ongoing climate warming is beneficial to forest ecosystems at high elevations but restricts the growth of forest ecosystems at low elevations.     

Investigation of the thermal history of the Delaware Basin (West Texas,USA) using carbonate clumped isotope thermometry

We utilized carbonate clumped isotope thermometry to explore the thermal history of the Delaware Basin, West Texas, USA. Carbonate wellbore cuttings from five oil/gas wells across the basin yielded clumped isotope temperatures (T(Δ₄₇)) ranging from 27°C to 307°C, interpreted to reflect a combination of initial precipitation/recrystallization temperature and solid-state C-O bond reordering during burial. Dolomite samples generally record lower apparent T(Δ₄₇)s than calcite, reflecting greater resistance to reordering in dolomite. In all five wells, clumped isotope temperatures exceed modern downhole temperature measurements, indicating higher heat flow in the past. Using modelled burial curves based on sedimentological history, we created unique time-temperature histories by linearly applying a geothermal gradient. Applying two different thermal history reordering models, we modelled the extent of solid-state C–O bond reordering to iteratively find the time-averaged best-fit geothermal gradients for each of the five wells. Results of this modelling suggest that the shallower, southwestern portion of the study area experienced higher geothermal gradients throughout the sediment history (~45°C/km) than did the deeper, southeastern portion (~32°C/km), with the northern portion experiencing intermediate geothermal gradients (~35–38°C/km). This trend is in agreement with the observed gas/oil ratios of the Delaware Basin, increasing from east to west. Furthermore, our clumped isotope temperatures agree well with previously published vitrinite reflectance data, confirming previous observations and demonstrating the utility of carbonate clumped isotope thermometry to reconstruct basin thermal histories.